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The relationship between individual and team athletes’ anxiety

to catch the novel coronavirus (covid-19) and sleep quality

Osman Yoka

, Keziban Yoka

, Mehmet Behzat Turan

, Eyüp Güler

Erciyes University, Institute of Health Sciences, Kayseri, Turkey.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0585-0923 yokakeziban@gmail.com

Niğde Ömer Halis Demir University, Institute of Social Sciences, Niğde, Turkey.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0585-0923 yokaosman@gmail.com

Erciyes University, Institute of Health Sciences, Kayseri, Turkey.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5332-803X behzatturan@erciyes.edu.tr

Erciyes University, Institute of Health Sciences, Kayseri, Turkey.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-0036 glereyup@gmail.com

Abstract

Aim: to examine the relationship between individual and team athletes’ anxiety to catch the novel

coronavirus (Covid-19) and sleep quality according to different variables. Method: a total of 429

volunteer athletes (262 female and 167 male) took a part in the research who are actively involved

in sports. Research data were collected through a questionnaire. The survey questions were

delivered to the participants by the researcher through face-to-face interview method and via

online survey. As for data collection tools, Athletes’ Anxiety to Catch Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19)

Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Demographic Information Form prepared by

the researcher were used. The obtained data were analyzed with the SPSS package program. In

addition to descriptive statistics, the normality structure of the distributions was examined through

skewness and kurtosis tests. In the comparison of data between two variables, t-test was applied

in independent groups, and one-way analysis of variance was applied in the comparison of three

or more variables. In addition, Pearson Moments Correlation test and regression analysis were

applied. Results: no significant difference was observed between profession, marital status, age of

starting sports, smoking status, sports branch and anxiety to catch Covid-19 and PSQI. At the same

time, while there was a significant difference between gender, education level, income level and

anxiety to catch Covid-19, no significant difference was found with PSQI. In addition, while a

significant difference was observed between age and PSQI, there was no significant difference

between the anxiety to catch Covid-19. A positive and significant relationship was found between

the PSQI scores of the athletes and the anxiety scores to catch Covid-19. Therefore, we can say

that as the anxiety levels of catching the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) increase, their sleep quality

decreases. Furthermore, it has been determined that the anxiety to catch Covid-19 has a positive

and significant predictive power on PSQI. Conclusion: considering these results, a psychosocial

Viref Revista de Educación Física

Instituto Universitario de Educación Física y Deporte

ISSN 2322-9411 • Enero-Marzo 2022 • Volumen 11 Número 1

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support program should be prepared and implemented to help control the anxiety level of catching

Covid-19 and increase the low quality sleep it causes.

Keywords: Athlete, Covid-19, Anxiety, Sleep Quality.

Introduction

Pandemics, wars and natural disasters in today’s world, or in other words, positive or negative,

sudden and unexpected changes in people’s lives cause an increase in people’s fear and anxiety.

The most striking of these changes is the Covid-19 outbreak, which was declared as a pandemic by

the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020 (Gallego et al., 2020). Covid-19 is called

enveloped single-stranded positive RNA virus. Since they are viruses with high mutation abilities

that are seen in wild animals and transmitted to humans, RNA viruses are defined as pathogens

with a high epidemic rate (Carrasco et al., 2017). All countries have been struggling with a major

epidemic caused by Covid-19 for over a year. Beside this, the epidemic has taken the whole world

under its influence in a short time (WHO, 2020). The first case in Turkey was reported on March

11 (Ministry of Health, 2020). The global epidemic first appeared in China. On 31 December 2019,

pneumonia cases of unknown origin were reported in Wuhan city and a novel coronavirus that had

not been detected in humans before was identified (WHO, 2020). The novel Coronavirus (Covid-

19) disease is transmitted to healthy individuals by the inhalation of droplets spread by the

coughing and sneezing of Covid-19 patients. In addition, it is known that droplets emitted from

Covid-19 patients fall on the surface and these droplets are transmitted from person to person by

touching the face, eyes, nose or mouth of healthy individuals (Ministry of Health, 2020). Due to

this unexpected Covid-19 threat, almost all of the countries in the world went into a sudden and

unprecedented red alert state.

While governments are implementing various prevention and restriction measures, the sports

institution, which has become a part of our lives, has also been under the influence of the epidemic.

Sport is a universal product in which individuals around the world engage in activities, watch and

consume (Ratten & Ratten, 2011). Considering the sport factor in its impact dimension, the sport

sector, which is an important sector in economic, social, psychological, health, cultural and

commercial dimensions, has faced a unprecedented crisis. Many national and international sports

organizations have been postponed or cancelled. This situation adversely affected both the

physical and mental health of the athletes. The economic losses caused by the epidemic, the

anxiety of the future, the fear to catch Covid-19, the fear of the effect of Covid-19 on sports success

cause an increase in the level of anxiety on the athletes.

The origin of the concept of anxiety is “anxietas” in ancient Greek, meaning fear, curiosity and

worry (Köknel, 1988). Anxiety can be defined as a state of expectation that leads to unhappiness

about the future, a state of excitement mixed with a feeling of insecurity, or it can also be defined

as a feeling experienced in the face of a danger arising from the outside world or any situation that

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is perceived and interpreted as dangerous by the person (Alisinanoğlu & Ulutaş, 2003). There are

two types of anxiety in human life, normal and pathological. Normal anxiety is experienced when

we are faced with realities such as old age, illness and death. If it occurs at levels that will affect

the daily functions and performance of the person, it is considered as pathological anxiety

(Alisinanoğlu & Ulutaş, 2003). One of the major problems of anxious people is sleep problem. Sleep

is a significant process in which body tissues get rid of metabolic processes that are active during

the day and prepare the body for effective physiological performance for the next day (Aldabal &

Bahammam, 2011). It is thought that sleep has a fundamental role in human health for physical,

cognitive performance and well-being (Simpson et al., 2016). In addition, it would not be wrong to

think that physical performance will be greatly affected by sleep, as it affects cardiorespiratory

endurance (Azboy & Kaygısız, 2009), neuromotor performance (Boonstra et al., 2007), mood,

focus, and metabolism (Luke et al., 2011).

Sleep quality is a status when a person wakes up feeling fit and on formed and ready for a new day.

Sleep quality is affected by various factors such as lifestyle, environmental factors, work, social life,

economic situation, general health, stress and anxiety (Şenol et al., 2012). While it is known by

experts and athletes that quality sleep may have certain effects on sports performance, there are

relatively few studies on sleep quality (Venter, 2014). When the relevant literature is examined,

studies reporting that there are serious concerns that the epidemic will affect the performance of

athletes (Brito et al., 2021; Paoli & Musumeci, 2020; Rajpal et al., 2021), studies examining the

level of anxiety (Aksu, 2018; Karabulut et al., 2013; Seçer & Sevinç, 2021), studies examining the

anxiety to catch Coronavirus (Batu & Aydın, 2020; Polatcan & Kaptangil, 2021; Şahinler & Ulukan,

2020; Yıldız, 2020) were observed.

In the light of present information, the main purpose of sports is to protect the health of athletes,

to take preventive measures and to ensure the development of sports. Measures to be taken from

this point of view are important in terms of protecting the athlete and preventing the spread of

the Coronavirus. Moreover, the importance of protecting the health of athletes was emphasized

in the statements made by international sports organizations. In this universal crisis, it is thought

that the anxiety to catch the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) will increase and this will affect the sleep

quality of the athletes who play in big clubs and will struggle on the field with the effect of the

detection of Covid-19 cases in popular athletes. Therefore, the aim of present study is to examine

the relationship between individual and team athletes’ anxiety to catch the novel Coronavirus

(Covid-19) and sleep quality according to different variables.

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Method

1. Research Ethics

Since the human phenomenon should be used in the study and individual rights should be

protected; scientific ethics, principles and rules were followed during the study, and the ethics

committee permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Erciyes University, dated

27.04.2021 and decision number 2021/231, before our research.

2. Research Model

The research was designed according to the quantitative research model, and a method for

descriptive and correlational survey aiming to reveal the current situation was used. Correlational

survey model is a research model that aims to determine whether there is a change between two

or more variables and the degree of change (Karasar, 2016).

3. Research Group

The sample group of this research consists of 429 athletes, 167 males and 262 females, from

individual and team athletes living in Kayseri city. In the selection of the sample, the convenience

sampling technique, which is one of the non-random sampling methods, was used (Yıldırım &

Şimşek, 2018).

4. Data Collection

As for data collection tool, questionnaire method was used. The questionnaires were applied to

the participants by the researchers using face-to-face interviews and online questionnaires. The

data collection tools used in the research, which was prepared by the researcher, consist of 3 parts:

a) the Demographic Information Form, b) the Athletes’ Anxiety to Catch Novel Coronavirus (Covid-

19) Scale, and c) the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

a. Demographic Information Form

The demographic information form prepared by the researcher to collect information consists

of variables such as age, marital status, education level, age of starting sports, smoking status,

gender, profession, sports branch, income level.

b. Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale (AACNCS)

In the study, Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale developed by

Tekkurşun et al. (2020) was used. The scale consists of 2 sub-dimensions as individual anxiety

(11 items) and socialization anxiety (5 items) with a total of 16 items. AACNCS is a five-point

Likert type. The items were listed as “Strongly Disagree”, “Disagree”, “Undecided”, “Agree”,

“Strongly Agree”; and were rated as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Only 2

item in the scale contains negative

statements. The lowest score that can be obtained from the Individual Anxiety factor

consisting of the first 11 items is 11 and the highest score is 55. The lowest score that can be

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obtained from the Socialization Anxiety factor consisting of the last 5 items is 5 and the highest

score is 25. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient calculated for the entire scale is .917 (Tekkurşun

et al., 2020).

c. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

It was developed by Buysse et al. in 1989 and the validity and reliability of the index was

performed by Ağargün et al. in 1996. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was found to be .80. The

PSQI scale consists of seven subcategories (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep

duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep pill, and assessment of daytime

functions) and 19 items. The sum of all sub-dimensions is evaluated with a total sleep quality

score ranging from 0 to 21, and high scores represent low sleep quality. PSQI total score clearly

distinguishes those with good sleep quality (PUKI total score ≤5) from those with poor sleep

quality (PUKI >5) (Buysse, 1989; Ağargün et al., 1996).

5. Analysis of Data

The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS package program. As a result of the analysis,

descriptive statistics are given as f and % distribution. The normality distributions of the data were

tested with the Kolmogrov Smirnov Test and the skewness and kurtosis tests, and it was

determined that the data showed normal distribution. With these results, it was decided to use

parametric statistical test methods in our study. In the comparison of the data obtained between

two variables, t-test was applied in independent groups, while one-way analysis of variance was

applied in the comparison of three or more variables. Tukey test was applied to determine the

difference in the comparisons made in three or more groups. In addition, Pearson Moments

Correlation test and regression analysis were applied.

Findings

Table 1. Descriptive statistics-frequency and percentage values.

Variable

Category

Profession

Student

167

38,9

Private sector

100

23,3

Civil servant

17,5

Self-employed

7,7

Other

12,6

Smoking Status

Yes

156

36,4

273

63,6

Sports Branch

Individual Sports

242

56,4

Team Sports

187

43,6

Age of Starting Sports

6-8

20,0

9-11

130

30,3

12-14

100

23,3

15-17

113

26,3

Income Level

2000TL and under

172

40,1

2001-3000TL

16,3

3001-4000TL

12,6

4001TL and above

133

31,0

Total

429

100

When we look at the socio-demographic characteristics of the athletes participating in the

research, 61.1% were women, 39.9% were in the 26 and over age group, and 77.6% were married.

Most of the participants are university graduates (63.9%) and live on the hunger limit (56.4%). It

was observed that 63.6% of the participants did not smoke, 56.4% did individual sports, and 30.3%

started sports between the ages of 9-11.

Table 2. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Athletes’ Gender.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Gender

𝒙



PSQI

Female

262

167

13,41

10,90

7,82

8,03

427

3,212

0,978

Male

Individual Anxiety

Female

262

167

41,54

35,89

8,93

10,35

427

5,998

0,004*

Male

Socialization

Female

262

167

15,60

13,71

5,02

5,30

427

3,716

0,172

Male

Anxiety Total

Female

262

167

57,14

49,60

12,70

14,07

427

5,746

0,113

Male

*p<0.05, p<0.001

According to the data obtained in Table 2, while there was a statistically significant difference in

the Individual Anxiety sub-dimension according to the gender of the athletes (p<0.05), there was

no difference between the Socialization, Anxiety Total and PSQI scores (p>0.05).

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Table 3. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Age Groups of Athletes.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Age

𝒙



Tukey

PSQI

18-19

12,05

7,95

2,288

0,05*

c<d

a<b

b>c

e<d

20-21

13,90

8,39

22-23

13,18

7,13

24-25

14,09

9,22

26 and older

171

11,23

7,66

Individual Anxiety

18-19

37,45

10,03

0,843

0,49

20-21

39,44

8,68

22-23

39,50

10,33

24-25

39,48

10,77

26 and older

171

39,98

9,81

Socialization

18-19

13,72

4,99

1,196

0,31

20-21

15,23

5,18

22-23

15,07

5,18

24-25

14,59

5,18

26 and older

171

15,21

5,32

Anxiety Total

18-19

51,18

13,81

1,130

0,34

20-21

54,67

12,41

22-23

54,57

14,16

24-25

54,07

14,53

26 and older

171

55,19

1,74

*p<0.05, p<0.001

When Table 3 is examined, there is a statistically significant difference between the PSQI scores of

the athletes according to their age groups (p<0.05), while there is no difference between the

Individual Anxiety, Socialization sub-dimension and Anxiety Total scores (p>0.05).

Table 4. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Marital Status of Athletes.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Marital Status

𝒙



PSQI

Married

333

12,47

8,04

0,062

0,94

Single

12,41

7,55

Divorced

11,73

9,62

Individual Anxiety

Married

333

39,44

9,63

0,190

0,82

Single

39,20

10,30

Divorced

37,86

13,45

Socialization

Married

333

14,71

5,19

0,730

0,48

Single

15,32

4,95

Divorced

15,86

6,92

Anxiety Total

Married

333

54,15

13,47

0,034

0,96

Single

54,53

13,60

Divorced

53,73

20,16

*p<0.05, p<0.001

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When we look at Table 4, there was no statistically significant difference between the Pittsburgh

Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Athletes’ Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19)

Scale According to Marital Status of Athletes (p>0.05).

Table 5. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Education Level of Athletes.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Education Level

𝒙



Tukey

PSQI

Secondary School

10,52

7,53

2,333

0,073

High School

12,18

8,25

University

274

13,09

7,95

Master

10,40

7,74

Individual

Anxiety

Secondary School

34,96

10,22

4,457

0,004*

a<b

c<d

a<d

b<d

High School

36,77

10,27

University

274

40,13

9,59

Master

40,87

9,78

Socialization

Secondary School

13,72

4,91

2,327

0,074

High School

13,69

5,41

University

274

15,14

5,17

Master

15,61

5,06

Anxiety Total

Secondary School

48,68

13,04

4,367

0,005*

a<b

High School

50,46

14,35

c<d

University

274

55,28

13,51

d>a

Master

56,49

13,05

b<d

*p<0.05, p<0.001

When we look at Table 5, there was a statistically significant difference in the Individual Anxiety

sub-dimension and Anxiety Total scores according to the education levels of the athletes (p<0.05),

while the anxiety scores of the athletes with a master education level were found to be high.

Moreover, there was no difference between the socialization sub-dimension and PSQI scores.

(p>0.05).

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Table 6. Comparison of Athletes’ Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Puki) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the

Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Profession.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Profession

𝒙



PSQI

Student

167

13,05

7,99

1,785

0,131

Private sector

100

13,43

8,76

Civil servant

10,92

7,01

Self-employed

10,66

8,27

Other

11,90

7,36

Individual Anxiety

Student

167

39,21

9,70

1,569

0,182

Private sector

100

40,10

8,93

Civil servant

40,92

10,48

Self-employed

36,72

10,14

Other

37,74

10,89

Socialization

Student

167

14,61

4,91

1,897

0,110

Private sector

100

15,12

5,14

Civil servant

16,10

5,27

Self-employed

14,30

6,22

Other

13,79

5,29

Anxiety Total

Student

167

53,83

13,28

1,924

0,105

Private sector

100

55,22

12,96

Civil servant

57,02

14,23

Self-employed

51,03

14,88

Other

51,53

14,59

When Table 6 is examined, there was no statistically significant difference between the Pittsburgh

Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale

according the professions of the athletes (p>0.05).

Table 7. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Income Level of Athletes

Scale Sub-Dimension

Income Level

𝒙



Tukey

PSQI

2000 and under

172

13,09

8,40

1,559

0,19

2001-3000

11,08

7,49

3001-4000

13,46

6,97

4001 and above

133

11,89

8,04

Individual Anxiety

2000 and under

172

39,44

9,29

1,085

0,35

2001-3000

37,51

10,03

3001-4000

40,40

8,35

4001 and above

133

39,74

11,06

Socialization

2000 and under

172

14,93

5,01

2,611

0,05*

d>a

2001-3000

13,35

5,29

b<a

3001-4000

15,20

4,73

c<d

4001 and above

133

15,44

5,50

c>b

Anxiety Total

2000 and under

172

54,37

12,90

1,808

0,14

2001-3000

50,87

13,84

3001-4000

55,61

11,39

4001 and above

133

55,18

15,37

*p<0.05, p<0.001

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Table 8. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Age Groups of Starting to Sports.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Age of Starting Sports

𝒙



PSQI

6-8

11,30

7,87

1,179

0,31

9-11

130

13,29

8,58

12-14

100

12,70

7,65

15-17

113

12,09

7,65

Individual Anxiety

6-8

37,93

10,66

0,849

0,46

9-11

130

39,91

10,24

12-14

100

39,20

9,34

15-17

113

39,88

9,34

Socialization

6-8

14,98

5,54

0,026

0,994

9-11

130

14,80

5,06

12-14

100

14,81

5,00

15-17

113

14,89

5,37

Anxiety Total

6-8

52,91

15,12

0,384

0,76

9-11

130

54,72

14,08

12-14

100

54,01

12,77

15-17

113

54,77

13,14

When we look at Table 8, there was no statistically significant difference between the Pittsburgh

Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale

according to the age of starting sports (p>0.05).

Table 9. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Athletes’ Smoking Status.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Smoking Status

𝒙



PSQI

Yes

156

13,63

8,43

427

2,350

0,312

273

11,75

7,66

2,290

Individual Anxiety

Yes

156

37,76

10,30

427

-2,516

0,176

273

40,24

9,54

-2,464

Socialization

Yes

156

14,66

5,45

427

-0,602

0,132

273

14,98

5,08

-0,590

Anxiety Total

Yes

156

52,42

14,32

427

-2,036

0,212

273

55,22

13,31

-1,996

*p<0.05, p<0.001

When we look at Table 9, there was no statistically significant difference between the Pittsburgh

Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale

according to the smoking status of the athletes (p>0.05).

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Table 10. Comparison of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Puki) and Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale According to Sports Branch of Athletes.

Scale Sub-Dimension

Sports Branch

𝒙



PSQI

Team Sports

242

12,19

7,66

427

-0,713

0,307

Individual Sports

187

12,75

8,41

-0,705

Individual Anxiety

Team Sports

242

38,16

10,08

427

-2,827

0,209

Individual Sports

187

40,86

9,45

-2,850

Socialization

Team Sports

242

14,66

5,21

427

-0,912

0,845

Individual Sports

187

15,12

5,21

-0,912

Anxiety Total

Team Sports

242

52,83

13,94

427

-2,378

0,470

Individual Sports

187

55,99

13,28

-2,393

*p<0.05, p<0.001

When we look at Table 10, there was no statistically significant difference between the Pittsburgh

Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Athletes’Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale

according to the the sports branch of athletes (p>0.05).

Table 11. Pearson Correlation Analysis between Athletes’ Anxiety Levels to Catch Novel Coronavirus (Covid-

19) and Sleep Quality (PSQI) (n:429).

Scale Sub-Dimension

PSQI

Individual Anxiety

Socialization

Anxiety Total

PSQI

Individual Anxiety

,266**

,000

Socialization

,165**

,001

,617**

,000

Anxiety Total

,254**

,000

,954**

,824**

,000

**p<0.001

Table 12. Regression Table for Predicting the Anxiety Levels of Athletes to Catch Coronavirus (Covid-19)

and Sleep Quality (PSQI).

a: Anxiety to catch the novel Coronavirus; b: PSQI (Pittsburgh sleep quality index)

When Table 12 is examined, the model presents a significant relationship between Anxiety to Catch

The Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) and Sleep Quality (PSQI) (R=.254 R2=0.65; p<0.005). When the

t-test results regarding the significance of the regression coefficient are examined, it was seen that

Sleep Quality (t=5.431 p=0.005), Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) predicted Sleep

Quality (PSQI) and explained 65% of the total variance.

Anxiety Total

Puki

0,254

5,431

0,000

, 254

0,65

29,498

,000

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Discussion and conclusion

Covid-19 continues to be a traumatic experience for humanity. The sports world is also

experiencing an unprecedented process. The process becomes boring and difficult for athletes

who have adopted living within a certain goal and program all their lives. All athletes from different

branches and levels experience great anxiety due to the disruption of their daily routines, lack of

motivation and uncertainty in this process. It is thought that this anxiety affects sleep quality and

thus sports performance. In the light of this information, the aim of our study is to examine the

relationship between individual and team athletes’ anxiety to catch the novel Coronavirus (Covid-

19) and sleep quality. In this framework, 429 volunteer athletes participated in the study. The data

collected for the research were discussed with the relevant literature sources, taking into account

the variables of age, starting age to sports, profession, gender, education level, smoking status,

and sports branch. When the study data were examined, no difference was observed in terms of

the points that the athletes got from PSQI according to the gender variable. At the same time, a

significant difference was observed in the individual anxiety sub-dimension of the Athletes’ Anxiety

to Catch the Novel Coronavirus Scale, while this difference was found to be in favor of female

athletes (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the socialization sub-dimension and the

total anxiety score (p>0.05).

Examining the literature, Tekin's (2020) study, in which he examined the effect of Covid-19 anxiety

on motivation, observed that the socialization anxiety of the participants negatively affected their

motivation. One of the researchers, Gümüşgül et al., (2020), on the other hand, observed in their

study that female athletes have higher anxiety about catching Coronavirus than male athletes. Batu

and Aydın (2020) observed in their study that female athletes have higher anxiety levels. When the

results are evaluated, the responsibilities of female athletes in social and family life, as well as the

economic losses caused by the pandemic they encounter in sports life, may cause high levels of

anxiety.

When the research findings were examined, there was a statistically significant difference between

the PSQI scores of the athletes according to the age variable (p<0.05), and it was determined that

this difference was in favor of the athletes in the 25-26 age range. At the same time, there was no

difference between individual anxiety, socialization sub-dimension and total anxiety scores

(p>0.05). When the relevant literature was examined, it was observed in a study conducted by

Hublin et al. (2018) in Finland that sleep quality decreased as age increased. In another study, it

was stated that sleep quality was associated with age (Chang & Peng, 2021a,b). On the other hand,

one of the researchers, Gümüşgül et al. (2020), did not detect a significant difference between the

anxiety of catching the coronavirus and age in their studies. Aksu (2018) found no significant

difference between age and anxiety level in his study on karate athletes. These results show

parallelism with our study. When the study data were evaluated, the sleep quality of the 24-25 age

group was found to be poor. Sleep time decreases with age. We can state that physical and

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psychological disorders such as respiratory problems, chronic diseases and emotional disorders

that increase with age also reduce and adversely affect sleep quality.

When the study data were examined, there was a statistically significant difference in the individual

anxiety sub-dimension and anxiety total scores according to the education levels of the athletes,

while there was no difference between the socialization sub-dimension and PSQI scores. In parallel

with our results, in a study conducted by Wathelet et al., (2020) with 69.054 participants in France,

it was determined that the fear of catching Coronavirus was associated with education level and

increased psychological problems such as anxiety and stress. It was observed that the individual

anxiety sub-dimension and anxiety total scores differed statistically according to the education

level of the athletes. Accordingly, it was seen that the scores of the athletes with a postgraduate

education level received high values. The fact that the last stage of education is postgraduate

education is the beginning of an uncertain process. It is normal for the individual to be anxious due

to the fact that he will enter a new period when his student life ends, the thought of whether this

new period can be made qualified or not, and with the effect of the virus threat that affects the

whole world. When the research findings were examined, there was a statistically significant

difference in the socialization sub-dimension scores of the athletes according to their income levels

(p<0.05), while there was no difference between the individual anxiety, anxiety total and PSQI

scores (p>0.05).

When the relevant literature is examined, in the study carried out by Cao et al. (2020), a researcher,

they did not detect a significant difference between PSQI scores. Smith et al. (2020) emphasized

that income level affects the anxiety to catch coronavirus (Covid-19) in a study conducted with 932

people in England. In the study conducted by Seçer and Sevinç (2021), it was stated that as the age

and income level of the athletes increased, the anxiety level of catching the coronavirus increased.

Aksu (2018) found a difference in favor of those with medium income in his study. In the data of

our study, it was observed that the socialization sub-dimension scores of the athletes differed

statistically according to their income level. According to this difference, it was seen that the

socialization sub-dimension scores of the athletes with an income of 4001 TL and above had high

values. We can say that this is due to the fact that those with high income have a more intense

social life as they have qualified education and economic security, and their social life is restricted

due to the virus.

According to the research findings, there was no statistically significant difference between PSQI

and anxiety scores of athletes catching the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) according to the smoking

status of the athletes (p>0.05). In the study carried out by the researchers, Polatcan and Kaptangil

(2021) did not find a difference according to alcohol and smoking use. In the study conducted by

Tunç and Yapıcı (2019), no significant difference was found in stress, anxiety and depression scores

according to the variable of smoking status. Contrary to this information, Saygılı et al. (2011)

determined that the sleep quality of students who smoked was poor in their study examining the

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sleep quality of university students. Similar to our study, one of the researchers, Çalıyurt (1998)

reported that the sleep quality of smokers is worse than non-smokers. Işık et al. (2015) found a

significant difference in sleep quality according to smoking and alcohol use, in their study

conducted. When the results of our study are evaluated, it can be said that the harms of smoking

are known by the athletes and that cigarette has a stimulating effect due to the nicotine it contains

and negatively affects the sleep quality, so the athletes do not use it. When the research findings

were examined, there was no statistically significant difference between PSQI and athletes’ anxiety

scale scores of catching the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) according to the marital status of the

athletes (p>0.05). When similar studies were examined, one of the researchers, Taşkın (2021),

examined the quality of life and sleep of exercise and did not detect a significant difference

according to the marital status variable. This result supports our study.

When the research data were evaluated, there was no statistically significant difference between

the PSQI scores of the athletes according to the sports branch and the anxiety scores of the athletes

to catch the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) (p>0.05). When the relevant literature is examined,

although there is a significant difference in the individual anxiety of the athletes who do individual

and team sports in the study carried out by Yıldız (2020), no significant difference has been

detected in other types of anxiety. In the study carried out by Polatcan and Kaptangil (2021), they

could not observe a difference between the anxiety to catch the novel Coronavirus and sports.

When we look at the results of the correlation analysis between the anxiety levels of the athletes

to catch the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) and PSQI, it has been seen that there is a positive and

significant relationship between the puki scores of the athletes and their individual anxiety,

socialization and anxiety total scores. There are studies emphasizing that individuals with high

anxiety levels have poor sleep quality (Chang et al., 2012; Preišegolavičiūtė et al., 2010; Wu et al.,

2020). In this context, we can say that the sleep quality of the athletes decreases as the anxiety to

catch the novel Coronavirus increases. In the study carried out in Morocco by Idrissi et al. (2020),

they observed a positive relationship between Covid-19 and poor quality sleep. In a study

conducted with 27.424 volunteers in China, it was found that anxiety and sleep quality were

inversely related (Wang et al., 2019). In another study conducted with athletes participating in the

2017 World University games, it was stated that the sleep quality of anxious athletes was low

(Biggins et al., 2019). In the study conducted by Targa et al. (2021), in Spain, the relationship

between Covid-19 and sleep quality was examined and they reported that Covid-19 anxiety

negatively affects sleep quality. Our findings are similar to studies in this field. When our study

results and other studies are also examined, it is seen that the anxiety to catch the novel

Coronavirus (Covid-19) and sleep quality are negatively related.

As seen in Table 12, the regression model established as a result of the multiple linear regression

analysis was found to be statistically significant (F = 29,498 p = .000). Predictive variables together

explain 65% of the variation in PSQI scores. When the regression analysis results were evaluated,

it was determined that the anxiety to catch the novel Coronavirus had a positive and significant

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predictive power on PSQI. When the relevant literature was examined, Memiş and Düzel (2020)

found that they were in interaction with a serious rate of 94% in the study in which they examined

the fear and anxiety towards Covid-19. At the same time, many studies have been found showing

that sleep is affected by many reasons such as physical activity, anxiety, depression, anxiety, and

environmental factors (Di Renzo et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Şenol et al., 2012; Yorulmaz et al.,

2018). Şengür (2020), one of the researchers, found that there are strong links between Covid-19-

based anxiety and individuals’ developing protective attitudes. When the data obtained from our

study were evaluated, it was determined that the individual was in interaction with the anxiety to

catch the novel Coronavirus, which concerns sleep quality.

As a result, during the epidemic experienced, while anxiety, fear and anxiety are observed in all

individuals as a reaction, sleep problems occur due to the anxiety experienced. These problems

may vary depending on age, gender, education, income level, sports branch, profession and marital

status. In addition, it was found that Covid-19 anxiety was negatively related to sleep quality and

Covid-19 anxiety largely predicted sleep quality. Considering these results, a psychosocial support

program can be prepared and implemented, which will help control the anxiety level of catching

Covid-19 and increase the low sleep quality it causes.

Suggestions

• For the necessary Covid measures, cleaning and protection materials should be provided in

the gyms and made available to the athletes.

• Athletes should be helped to get through this pandemic process in the most undamaged way

by providing physical training as well as psychological support.

• Anxiety and anxiety situations after the Covid-19 pandemic process can be examined by

conducting a study covering all athletes in Turkey.

• By comparing Covid anxiety and other athlete performance indicators, it should be ensured

that the athlete maintains and sustains his performance in this process.

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