1Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitaeVolume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
JOURNAL VITAE
School of Pharmaceutical and
Food Sciences
ISSN 0121-4004 | ISSNe 2145-2660
University of Antioquia
Medellin, Colombia
Afilliations
1 Pharmacy Department, Faculty of
Sciences, “Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Sede Bogotá”,
111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
*Corresponding
Mario Francisco Guerrero
mfguerrerop@unal.edu.co
Received: 17 April 2022
Accepted: 11 October 2023
Published: 27 February 2024
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on
platelet aggregation
Efecto de una dieta rica en cáscara de papa sobre la
agregación plaquetaria
David Camilo Borda MSc.1 , Mario Francisco Guerrero DSc, 1
ABSTRACT
Background: Potato peel extract has demonstrated the ability to reduce platelet aggregation
in vitro, suggesting its potential as a dietary intervention for preventing atherothrombotic
disorders. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of a potato peel-rich diet on platelet
aggregation. Methods: A randomized, crossover-controlled, open two-period study was carried
out with the participation of 12 healthy volunteers. Platelet aggregation was assessed before
and after a seven-day dietary intervention. Participants consumed either a diet rich in potato
peel (2 g/kg/d) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as a reference (100 mg/d). Platelet aggregation
percentages were measured following stimulation with arachidonic acid (AA, 150 μg/mL),
adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 10 μM), and collagen (COL, 10 μg/mL). Results: The potato peel-
rich diet resulted in a slight but significant reduction in platelet aggregation when stimulated
with arachidonic acid compared to baseline values (85.0±2.0% vs. 91.3±1.7%, p<0.05). This effect
was less pronounced than the reduction achieved with ASA (16±1.9%, p<0.001). Conclusion:
The administration of a diet rich in potato peel reduces platelet aggregation induced by
arachidonic acid, suggesting its potential role in the prevention of atherothrombotic disorders.
Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, Potato, Platelet aggregation, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Published 27 February 2024
Doi: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v31n1a349415
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
JOURNAL VITAE
School of Pharmaceutical and
Food Sciences
ISSN 0121-4004 | ISSNe 2145-2660
University of Antioquia
Medellin, Colombia
Afilliations
1 Pharmacy Department, Faculty of
Sciences, “Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Sede Bogotá”,
111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
*Corresponding
Mario Francisco Guerrero
mfguerrerop@unal.edu.co
Received: 17 April 2022
Accepted: 11 October 2023
Published: 27 February 2024
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on
platelet aggregation
Efecto de una dieta rica en cáscara de papa sobre la
agregación plaquetaria
David Camilo Borda MSc.1 , Mario Francisco Guerrero DSc, 1
ABSTRACT
Background: Potato peel extract has demonstrated the ability to reduce platelet aggregation
in vitro, suggesting its potential as a dietary intervention for preventing atherothrombotic
disorders. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of a potato peel-rich diet on platelet
aggregation. Methods: A randomized, crossover-controlled, open two-period study was carried
out with the participation of 12 healthy volunteers. Platelet aggregation was assessed before
and after a seven-day dietary intervention. Participants consumed either a diet rich in potato
peel (2 g/kg/d) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as a reference (100 mg/d). Platelet aggregation
percentages were measured following stimulation with arachidonic acid (AA, 150 μg/mL),
adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 10 μM), and collagen (COL, 10 μg/mL). Results: The potato peel-
rich diet resulted in a slight but significant reduction in platelet aggregation when stimulated
with arachidonic acid compared to baseline values (85.0±2.0% vs. 91.3±1.7%, p<0.05). This effect
was less pronounced than the reduction achieved with ASA (16±1.9%, p<0.001). Conclusion:
The administration of a diet rich in potato peel reduces platelet aggregation induced by
arachidonic acid, suggesting its potential role in the prevention of atherothrombotic disorders.
Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, Potato, Platelet aggregation, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Published 27 February 2024
Doi: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v31n1a349415
2Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitae Volume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415David Camilo Borda, Mario Francisco Guerrero
RESUMEN
Introducción: El extracto de cáscara de patata ha demostrado su capacidad para reducir la agregación plaquetaria in vitro, lo
que sugiere su potencial como intervención dietética para prevenir trastornos aterotrombóticos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto
de una dieta rica en cáscara de patata en la agregación plaquetaria. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio
aleatorizado, controlado, cruzado y abierto con la participación de 12 voluntarios sanos. Se evaluó la agregación plaquetaria
antes y después de una intervención dietética de siete días. Los participantes consumieron una dieta rica en cáscara de patata (2
g/kg/d) o ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) como referente (100 mg/d). Se midieron los porcentajes de agregación plaquetaria después
de la estimulación con ácido araquidónico (AA, 150 μg/mL), difosfato de adenosina (ADP, 10 μM) y colágeno (COL, 10 μg/mL).
Resultados: La dieta rica en cáscara de patata resultó en una ligera pero significativa reducción en la agregación plaquetaria
cuando se estimuló con ácido araquidónico en comparación con los valores iniciales (85,0 ± 2,0% vs. 91,3 ± 1,7%, p <0,05).
Este efecto fue menos pronunciado que la reducción lograda con ASA (16 ± 1,9%, p <0,001). Conclusión: La administración de
una dieta rica en cáscara de patata reduce la agregación plaquetaria inducida por ácido araquidónico, lo que sugiere su papel
potencial en la prevención de trastornos aterotrombóticos.
Palabras clave: Solanum tuberosum, papa, agregación plaquetaria, ácido caféico, ácido clorogénico.
INTRODUCTION
Adequate nutrition, along with regular exercise
and healthy lifestyle habits, plays a pivotal
role in preventing atherothrombotic diseases.
Mediterranean diets and the consumption of
omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are
inversely associated with cardiovascular diseases
(CVD). Furthermore, certain nutrients, particularly
those rich in polyphenols, show promise in
preventing CVD. A significant aspect of their
efficacy appears to lie in their ability to inhibit
platelet activation and aggregation, thus reducing
the risk of thrombus formation (1). Nevertheless,
while nutrition is indeed critical, individual genetics,
underlying health conditions, and various other
factors collectively contribute to one’s overall risk
of developing CVD.
Despite the advancements in pharmacological
therapies and interventions, global public health
concerns persist regarding the management
of atherothrombotic diseases, which include
interventions like stents and revascularization
procedures. While the antiplatelet approach is
crucial in managing complications, preventive and
non-pharmacological interventions that support
platelet function should be of paramount importance
(2). As a result, a synergistic blend of medical
interventions and lifestyle adjustments remains
essential in addressing atherothrombotic conditions
and mitigating their impact on public health.
Given these considerations, the exploration of
dietary sources with potential protective factors
against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has gained
increasing relevance. While pharmacological
strategies have emerged for the primary prevention
of atherothrombotic disorders, especially in reducing
complications like coronary artery disease, infarction,
and stroke, the use of acetylsalicylic acid presents
a delicate balance between efficacy and safety for
primary prevention, particularly regarding the risk
of bleeding (3). Statins are recognized by regulatory
agencies for primary prevention; however, concerns
arise due to long-term side effects, costs, and
inconveniences. In the face of these uncertainties,
the importance of non-pharmacological measures
cannot be overstated (3).
The identification of certain nutrients as potential
protective factors against CVD adds a compelling
dimension to the realm of diet-based preventive
measures (4). While pharmacological approaches
remain relevant, they come with inherent risks,
emphasizing the significance of non-pharmacological
measures, including lifestyle modifications. These
non-pharmacological interventions are essential
components of primary prevention due to their
safety and holistic benefits.
Solanum tuberosum, commonly referred to as
“papa,” constitutes a staple in traditional diets
in Colombia and other Andean regions. These
tubers are rich in constituents such as caffeic acid
and chlorogenic acid, which, along with the whole
extract, have demonstrated antiplatelet properties
in vitro. However, the role of S. tuberosum as a
dietary preventive factor against cardiovascular
disease remains to be established (5).
While these metabolites, along with the whole extract,
exhibit antiplatelet properties in vitro, the potential
of S. tuberosum as a dietary preventive factor
against cardiovascular disease remains unconfirmed
(5). In vitro studies suggest antiplatelet attributes,
but further research is necessary to determine the
actual impact of incorporating S. tuberosum into
human diets to prevent cardiovascular disease.
RESUMEN
Introducción: El extracto de cáscara de patata ha demostrado su capacidad para reducir la agregación plaquetaria in vitro, lo
que sugiere su potencial como intervención dietética para prevenir trastornos aterotrombóticos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto
de una dieta rica en cáscara de patata en la agregación plaquetaria. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio
aleatorizado, controlado, cruzado y abierto con la participación de 12 voluntarios sanos. Se evaluó la agregación plaquetaria
antes y después de una intervención dietética de siete días. Los participantes consumieron una dieta rica en cáscara de patata (2
g/kg/d) o ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) como referente (100 mg/d). Se midieron los porcentajes de agregación plaquetaria después
de la estimulación con ácido araquidónico (AA, 150 μg/mL), difosfato de adenosina (ADP, 10 μM) y colágeno (COL, 10 μg/mL).
Resultados: La dieta rica en cáscara de patata resultó en una ligera pero significativa reducción en la agregación plaquetaria
cuando se estimuló con ácido araquidónico en comparación con los valores iniciales (85,0 ± 2,0% vs. 91,3 ± 1,7%, p <0,05).
Este efecto fue menos pronunciado que la reducción lograda con ASA (16 ± 1,9%, p <0,001). Conclusión: La administración de
una dieta rica en cáscara de patata reduce la agregación plaquetaria inducida por ácido araquidónico, lo que sugiere su papel
potencial en la prevención de trastornos aterotrombóticos.
Palabras clave: Solanum tuberosum, papa, agregación plaquetaria, ácido caféico, ácido clorogénico.
INTRODUCTION
Adequate nutrition, along with regular exercise
and healthy lifestyle habits, plays a pivotal
role in preventing atherothrombotic diseases.
Mediterranean diets and the consumption of
omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are
inversely associated with cardiovascular diseases
(CVD). Furthermore, certain nutrients, particularly
those rich in polyphenols, show promise in
preventing CVD. A significant aspect of their
efficacy appears to lie in their ability to inhibit
platelet activation and aggregation, thus reducing
the risk of thrombus formation (1). Nevertheless,
while nutrition is indeed critical, individual genetics,
underlying health conditions, and various other
factors collectively contribute to one’s overall risk
of developing CVD.
Despite the advancements in pharmacological
therapies and interventions, global public health
concerns persist regarding the management
of atherothrombotic diseases, which include
interventions like stents and revascularization
procedures. While the antiplatelet approach is
crucial in managing complications, preventive and
non-pharmacological interventions that support
platelet function should be of paramount importance
(2). As a result, a synergistic blend of medical
interventions and lifestyle adjustments remains
essential in addressing atherothrombotic conditions
and mitigating their impact on public health.
Given these considerations, the exploration of
dietary sources with potential protective factors
against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has gained
increasing relevance. While pharmacological
strategies have emerged for the primary prevention
of atherothrombotic disorders, especially in reducing
complications like coronary artery disease, infarction,
and stroke, the use of acetylsalicylic acid presents
a delicate balance between efficacy and safety for
primary prevention, particularly regarding the risk
of bleeding (3). Statins are recognized by regulatory
agencies for primary prevention; however, concerns
arise due to long-term side effects, costs, and
inconveniences. In the face of these uncertainties,
the importance of non-pharmacological measures
cannot be overstated (3).
The identification of certain nutrients as potential
protective factors against CVD adds a compelling
dimension to the realm of diet-based preventive
measures (4). While pharmacological approaches
remain relevant, they come with inherent risks,
emphasizing the significance of non-pharmacological
measures, including lifestyle modifications. These
non-pharmacological interventions are essential
components of primary prevention due to their
safety and holistic benefits.
Solanum tuberosum, commonly referred to as
“papa,” constitutes a staple in traditional diets
in Colombia and other Andean regions. These
tubers are rich in constituents such as caffeic acid
and chlorogenic acid, which, along with the whole
extract, have demonstrated antiplatelet properties
in vitro. However, the role of S. tuberosum as a
dietary preventive factor against cardiovascular
disease remains to be established (5).
While these metabolites, along with the whole extract,
exhibit antiplatelet properties in vitro, the potential
of S. tuberosum as a dietary preventive factor
against cardiovascular disease remains unconfirmed
(5). In vitro studies suggest antiplatelet attributes,
but further research is necessary to determine the
actual impact of incorporating S. tuberosum into
human diets to prevent cardiovascular disease.
3Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitaeVolume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
At the core of platelet adhesion and aggregation
is cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), a key enzyme
responsible for catalyzing the production of
thromboxane A2 (TxA2) from arachidonic acid (AA)
(6). Therefore, strategies that target this pathway
show promise in mitigating atherothrombotic
disorders. Notably, S. tuberosum demonstrates
antiplatelet properties, particularly in inhibiting
the AA pathway, underscoring its potential for
preventing thrombus formation (5).
However, the detailed mechanisms underlying these
effects are not yet fully understood, highlighting the
necessity for human studies to substantiate the role of
S. tuberosum in preventing cardiovascular diseases.
Furthermore, the content of toxic glycoalkaloids
solanine and solanidine in fresh potato tubers
is minimal and lacks the antiplatelet properties
associated with the species. This alleviates concerns
about consuming a diet rich in potato peels
(7, 8). As a result, moderate consumption of fresh
potatoes, including their peels, is generally safe for
most individuals, with consideration for potential
sensitivities and allergies.
The potential benefits of a diet rich in potato skin in
atheromatous disorders remain relatively unexplored.
In addition to its nutritional value, the high fiber and
antioxidant-rich nature of potato peel contribute to
regular bowel function, reduced disease risk, and
the mitigation of oxidative processes (9, 10). Notably,
chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, polyphenols found
in S. tuberosum peels, exhibit antiplatelet properties
that may be linked to their antioxidant effects (5,
11, 12). Since platelet aggregation plays a crucial
role in atheromatous diseases, a diet rich in these
antiplatelet metabolites holds promise in reducing
the risk of coronary disease.
This study aims to investigate the impact of a
potato peel-rich diet on platelet aggregation in
healthy volunteers, with the goal of shedding light
on its potential role in preventing prothrombotic
artery disorders. By examining the influence of
potato peel consumption on platelet function and
cardiovascular health, this research contributes to
the understanding of dietary strategies for reducing
the risk of clot-related disorders.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Diet preparation: Approximately 60 kg of “pastusa”
variety of S. tuberosum tubers were sourced from
the locality of “El Manzano” (Ventaquemada
municipality, Boyacá depar tment, Colombia;
coordinates 5° 21’ 59’’N, 73° 31’ 19’’W), adhering
to Colombian technical standards for product
acquisition. A plant specimen was submitted to the
“Herbario Nacional Colombiano” (code COL-611951)
to verify its botanical classification.
Peel preparation: Fresh tuber peels were thoroughly
washed and boiled for approximately 30 minutes,
then sliced into 3 mm thick fragments. These peel
fragments were administered at a ratio of 2 g per kg
of body weight to each volunteer, once daily, over
the course of one week under fasting conditions.
This quantity is well below the toxic threshold for
human consumption, considering that the average
tuber contains 12-20 mg/kg of glycoalkaloids, while
the toxic dose of glycoalkaloids ranges from 2 to
5 mg/kg (13, 14).
Outcomes: The primary outcome measured the
percentage decrease in platelet aggregation,
assessed through light transmission aggregometry
after seven days of administering a potato peel-
rich diet. The platelet aggregation was induced
using arachidonic acid (AA, 150 μg/mL), adenosine
diphosphate (ADP, 10 μM), and collagen (COL,
10 μg/mL) as pro-aggregating agents (15-16). A
reference group received acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
(100 mg/d). Additionally, any treatment-related
events were recorded.
Study design: We conducted an open-label,
randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence,
two-treatment crossover study involving 12 healthy
volunteers. The sample size was selected based on
the considerations for phase 1 studies, which typically
involve a low number of patients and do not require
a formal sample size calculation. Subjects were
randomly assigned to receive a diet rich in potato
peel (2 kg/kg/day) and ASA (100 mg/day) under
fasting conditions, with a one-week washout period
between treatments. Each treatment period spanned
seven days.
Eligibility: Eligible volunteers included men and
women aged 18-45, weighing 50-80 kg, with a
body mass index (BMI) of 18-30 kg/m². Participants
were not on systemic medication, except for oral
contraceptive pills. Individuals with contraindications
to ASA or a medical history indicating an increased
risk of bleeding were excluded. Volunteers adhered
to a potato peel-rich diet, refrained from caffeine
consumption and intense exercise the day before
and during the study, and fasted overnight before
study visits.
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
At the core of platelet adhesion and aggregation
is cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), a key enzyme
responsible for catalyzing the production of
thromboxane A2 (TxA2) from arachidonic acid (AA)
(6). Therefore, strategies that target this pathway
show promise in mitigating atherothrombotic
disorders. Notably, S. tuberosum demonstrates
antiplatelet properties, particularly in inhibiting
the AA pathway, underscoring its potential for
preventing thrombus formation (5).
However, the detailed mechanisms underlying these
effects are not yet fully understood, highlighting the
necessity for human studies to substantiate the role of
S. tuberosum in preventing cardiovascular diseases.
Furthermore, the content of toxic glycoalkaloids
solanine and solanidine in fresh potato tubers
is minimal and lacks the antiplatelet properties
associated with the species. This alleviates concerns
about consuming a diet rich in potato peels
(7, 8). As a result, moderate consumption of fresh
potatoes, including their peels, is generally safe for
most individuals, with consideration for potential
sensitivities and allergies.
The potential benefits of a diet rich in potato skin in
atheromatous disorders remain relatively unexplored.
In addition to its nutritional value, the high fiber and
antioxidant-rich nature of potato peel contribute to
regular bowel function, reduced disease risk, and
the mitigation of oxidative processes (9, 10). Notably,
chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, polyphenols found
in S. tuberosum peels, exhibit antiplatelet properties
that may be linked to their antioxidant effects (5,
11, 12). Since platelet aggregation plays a crucial
role in atheromatous diseases, a diet rich in these
antiplatelet metabolites holds promise in reducing
the risk of coronary disease.
This study aims to investigate the impact of a
potato peel-rich diet on platelet aggregation in
healthy volunteers, with the goal of shedding light
on its potential role in preventing prothrombotic
artery disorders. By examining the influence of
potato peel consumption on platelet function and
cardiovascular health, this research contributes to
the understanding of dietary strategies for reducing
the risk of clot-related disorders.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Diet preparation: Approximately 60 kg of “pastusa”
variety of S. tuberosum tubers were sourced from
the locality of “El Manzano” (Ventaquemada
municipality, Boyacá depar tment, Colombia;
coordinates 5° 21’ 59’’N, 73° 31’ 19’’W), adhering
to Colombian technical standards for product
acquisition. A plant specimen was submitted to the
“Herbario Nacional Colombiano” (code COL-611951)
to verify its botanical classification.
Peel preparation: Fresh tuber peels were thoroughly
washed and boiled for approximately 30 minutes,
then sliced into 3 mm thick fragments. These peel
fragments were administered at a ratio of 2 g per kg
of body weight to each volunteer, once daily, over
the course of one week under fasting conditions.
This quantity is well below the toxic threshold for
human consumption, considering that the average
tuber contains 12-20 mg/kg of glycoalkaloids, while
the toxic dose of glycoalkaloids ranges from 2 to
5 mg/kg (13, 14).
Outcomes: The primary outcome measured the
percentage decrease in platelet aggregation,
assessed through light transmission aggregometry
after seven days of administering a potato peel-
rich diet. The platelet aggregation was induced
using arachidonic acid (AA, 150 μg/mL), adenosine
diphosphate (ADP, 10 μM), and collagen (COL,
10 μg/mL) as pro-aggregating agents (15-16). A
reference group received acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
(100 mg/d). Additionally, any treatment-related
events were recorded.
Study design: We conducted an open-label,
randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence,
two-treatment crossover study involving 12 healthy
volunteers. The sample size was selected based on
the considerations for phase 1 studies, which typically
involve a low number of patients and do not require
a formal sample size calculation. Subjects were
randomly assigned to receive a diet rich in potato
peel (2 kg/kg/day) and ASA (100 mg/day) under
fasting conditions, with a one-week washout period
between treatments. Each treatment period spanned
seven days.
Eligibility: Eligible volunteers included men and
women aged 18-45, weighing 50-80 kg, with a
body mass index (BMI) of 18-30 kg/m². Participants
were not on systemic medication, except for oral
contraceptive pills. Individuals with contraindications
to ASA or a medical history indicating an increased
risk of bleeding were excluded. Volunteers adhered
to a potato peel-rich diet, refrained from caffeine
consumption and intense exercise the day before
and during the study, and fasted overnight before
study visits.
4Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitae Volume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415David Camilo Borda, Mario Francisco Guerrero
Platelet aggregation assays: An 18 mL sample
of whole blood was collected in vacuum tubes
containing 3.2% sodium citrate as an anticoagulant
at a 9:1 ratio. After 1 hour, the samples were
centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain
platelet-rich plasma supernatant (PRP), which was
stored at 37°C and used within 30 minutes. Blood
was then further centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3500
rpm to obtain platelet-poor plasma (PPP).
Aggregometer procedure: In each channel of the
AggRAM 1486 aggregometer (Helena Laboratories),
we dispensed 450 μL of platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
and incubated it for 5 minutes at 37°C after adding
50 μL of the platelet aggregation inducer: adenosine
diphosphate (ADP; 10 μM), collagen (COLL; 10
μg/mL), or arachidonic acid (AA; 150 μg/mL). The
tests were conducted using PRP samples collected
from volunteers under baseline conditions (prior to
treatment) and after treatment with ASA (100 mg/d
for 7 days) or potato peel (2 g/kg/d for 7 days).
The data were expressed as a percentage of platelet
aggregation based on transmittance values obtained
from the aggregometer, with PRP representing
100% aggregation and PPP representing 0%.
Plaguicide trace analysis: To eliminate the possibility
of pesticide residue interference with the platelet
aggregation test (17), a trace analysis of a potato
peel sample was conducted at the Department
of Chemistry, National University of Colombia in
Bogotá, using the QuEChERS method (sample
reference: m2043).
Data analysis. A self-controlled crossover study was
selected to ensure statistically valid results with a
limited number of participants. This study involved
12 volunteers, resulting in two groups of 24 data
points for each intervention (18-19).
Treatment assignment and timing: Initially, individuals
were randomly assigned to receive either the diet or
ASA treatment. The timing for switching treatments
was determined based on the average platelet
lifespan of seven days, with a one-week washout
period considered adequate. Given the brief
elimination half-life of low-dose ASA (approximately
2-3 hours), platelet function should be fully recovered
in period II (after the crossover).
Antiplatelet effect evaluation: The assessment
of the antiplatelet effect involved comparing
platelet aggregation percentages before and after
treatment. Data analysis included one-way repeated
measure ANOVA followed by the Tukey multiple
comparisons test. In cases where the parametric
test assumptions were not met, a Friedman test
was applied, followed by Dunn’s multiple tests.
Data analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism
version 6.05, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Drugs and chemicals. The study employed the
following reagents and drugs: ADP, COLL, and
AA from Helena, and DMSO from Sigma-Aldrich.
ASA, also from Sigma-Aldrich, was used as well.
The confirmation of the S. tuberosum species was
conducted through a comparison at the National
University of Colombia (code COL-611951).
Ethical considerations. This study adhered to the
scientific, technical, and administrative standards
for health research as outlined in Resolution 8430 of
1993 by the Ministry of Health in Colombia. Following
articles 11 and 55, the study falls under the category
of “minimal risk” as it involved the collection of
blood by venipuncture in healthy adults and the
administration of ASA (100 mg/d/7d), a widely used
medication with a well-established safety profile and
a broad therapeutic index. All volunteers provided
written informed consent after meeting eligibility
criteria. The study protocols were approved by
the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Sciences at
Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Act 03/2019).
RESULTS
During the period from May 6 to May 31, 2019, a total
of 12 volunteers underwent randomization. In the initial
phase (period I), six participants were allocated to a
potato peel diet, while the remaining six were assigned
to receive ASA. For the subsequent phase (period II),
the interventions were switched. Detailed baseline
characteristics of the volunteers are presented in Table
1. No adverse effects were reported that necessitated
the discontinuation of the study.
Table 1. Characteristics of the Volunteers at Baseline*
Characteristics Diet ASA
N 6 6
Age - yr 23.2±3.1 23.5±3.1
Sex
Male 3 2
Female 3 4
Weight - kg 58.7±7.1 58.6±6.6
Body-mass index 21.0±1.1 20.3±2.0
Basal platelet aggregation (%) 90.6±5.9 92.7±5.9
*At the start of period I (1 week), values are presented as means ± standard
deviation (SD). During period II, volunteers received either the potato peel diet
or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatments in a crossover design.
Platelet aggregation assays: An 18 mL sample
of whole blood was collected in vacuum tubes
containing 3.2% sodium citrate as an anticoagulant
at a 9:1 ratio. After 1 hour, the samples were
centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain
platelet-rich plasma supernatant (PRP), which was
stored at 37°C and used within 30 minutes. Blood
was then further centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3500
rpm to obtain platelet-poor plasma (PPP).
Aggregometer procedure: In each channel of the
AggRAM 1486 aggregometer (Helena Laboratories),
we dispensed 450 μL of platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
and incubated it for 5 minutes at 37°C after adding
50 μL of the platelet aggregation inducer: adenosine
diphosphate (ADP; 10 μM), collagen (COLL; 10
μg/mL), or arachidonic acid (AA; 150 μg/mL). The
tests were conducted using PRP samples collected
from volunteers under baseline conditions (prior to
treatment) and after treatment with ASA (100 mg/d
for 7 days) or potato peel (2 g/kg/d for 7 days).
The data were expressed as a percentage of platelet
aggregation based on transmittance values obtained
from the aggregometer, with PRP representing
100% aggregation and PPP representing 0%.
Plaguicide trace analysis: To eliminate the possibility
of pesticide residue interference with the platelet
aggregation test (17), a trace analysis of a potato
peel sample was conducted at the Department
of Chemistry, National University of Colombia in
Bogotá, using the QuEChERS method (sample
reference: m2043).
Data analysis. A self-controlled crossover study was
selected to ensure statistically valid results with a
limited number of participants. This study involved
12 volunteers, resulting in two groups of 24 data
points for each intervention (18-19).
Treatment assignment and timing: Initially, individuals
were randomly assigned to receive either the diet or
ASA treatment. The timing for switching treatments
was determined based on the average platelet
lifespan of seven days, with a one-week washout
period considered adequate. Given the brief
elimination half-life of low-dose ASA (approximately
2-3 hours), platelet function should be fully recovered
in period II (after the crossover).
Antiplatelet effect evaluation: The assessment
of the antiplatelet effect involved comparing
platelet aggregation percentages before and after
treatment. Data analysis included one-way repeated
measure ANOVA followed by the Tukey multiple
comparisons test. In cases where the parametric
test assumptions were not met, a Friedman test
was applied, followed by Dunn’s multiple tests.
Data analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism
version 6.05, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Drugs and chemicals. The study employed the
following reagents and drugs: ADP, COLL, and
AA from Helena, and DMSO from Sigma-Aldrich.
ASA, also from Sigma-Aldrich, was used as well.
The confirmation of the S. tuberosum species was
conducted through a comparison at the National
University of Colombia (code COL-611951).
Ethical considerations. This study adhered to the
scientific, technical, and administrative standards
for health research as outlined in Resolution 8430 of
1993 by the Ministry of Health in Colombia. Following
articles 11 and 55, the study falls under the category
of “minimal risk” as it involved the collection of
blood by venipuncture in healthy adults and the
administration of ASA (100 mg/d/7d), a widely used
medication with a well-established safety profile and
a broad therapeutic index. All volunteers provided
written informed consent after meeting eligibility
criteria. The study protocols were approved by
the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Sciences at
Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Act 03/2019).
RESULTS
During the period from May 6 to May 31, 2019, a total
of 12 volunteers underwent randomization. In the initial
phase (period I), six participants were allocated to a
potato peel diet, while the remaining six were assigned
to receive ASA. For the subsequent phase (period II),
the interventions were switched. Detailed baseline
characteristics of the volunteers are presented in Table
1. No adverse effects were reported that necessitated
the discontinuation of the study.
Table 1. Characteristics of the Volunteers at Baseline*
Characteristics Diet ASA
N 6 6
Age - yr 23.2±3.1 23.5±3.1
Sex
Male 3 2
Female 3 4
Weight - kg 58.7±7.1 58.6±6.6
Body-mass index 21.0±1.1 20.3±2.0
Basal platelet aggregation (%) 90.6±5.9 92.7±5.9
*At the start of period I (1 week), values are presented as means ± standard
deviation (SD). During period II, volunteers received either the potato peel diet
or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatments in a crossover design.
5Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitaeVolume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
The effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet
aggregation was assessed by analyzing changes
in aggregation percentages compared to baseline
values among the participants. Following a seven-day
administration of the potato peel-rich diet, a statistically
significant decrease in platelet aggregation was
observed when arachidonic acid (AA) was used as the
stimulant (mean ± s.e.m: 91.85±1.75% to 85.02±2.0%,
p<0.05) (as shown in Figure 1). While there was a trend
towards reduced aggregation with ADP and COL as
stimulants (91.2±1.8% to 83.7±2.39 for ADP, 92.1±2.3 to
89.4±2.0 for COL), this reduction did not reach statistical
significance (see Figure 2 and Figure 3). Notably,
acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) exhibited a suppressive effect
on aggregation percentages for all three agonists,
with the most significant impact observed against AA
(16±1.98%) compared to ADP (66.0±4.7%) and COL
(66.8±5.6%) (as depicted in Figures 1-3).
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
A A a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
***
*
# # #
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
A D P a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
***
Figure 1. Effect of a potato peel diet (2 g/kg/d) or acetylsalicylic
acid (ASA, 100 mg/d, as reference) on platelet aggregation
percentages in response to arachidonic acid (AA, 150 μg/mL)
stimulation, compared to baseline values in healthy volunteers
after seven days of treatment. (Mean ± s.e.m., RM one-way
ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *p<0.05,
***p<0.001 vs. baseline; ###p<0.001 vs. the diet).
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
A A a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
***
*
# # #
Figure 2. Platelet Aggregation in Response to Potato Peel Diet
(2 g/kg/d) and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA, 100 mg/d) Stimulated
by Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP, 10 μM) in Healthy Volunteers
After Seven Days of Treatment. (Mean ± s.e.m., Friedman test with
Tukey’s multiple comparison. ***p<0.001 vs. baseline).
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
C O L L a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
*** # #
Figure 3. Platelet Aggregation in Response to Potato Peel Diet
(2 g/kg/d) and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA, 100 mg/d) Stimulated by
Collagen (COLL, 10 μg/mL) in Healthy Volunteers After Seven Days
of Treatment. (Mean ± s.e.m., Friedman test with Tukey’s multiple
comparison. ***p<0.05 vs. baseline, ##p<0.005 vs. the diet).
This study utilized various agonists to induce platelet
aggregation and assessed changes in aggregation
percentages after introducing a potato peel-rich
diet. The intervention significantly reduced platelet
aggregation when stimulated by arachidonic acid
(AA). Although reductions in aggregation were
noted with ADP and COL stimulation, statistical
significance was not achieved. As expected, ASA
exhibited its inhibitory effect on aggregation with
the most pronounced impact observed against AA.
DISCUSSION
In this study, the effects of a diet rich in potato peel
over a seven-day period on platelet aggregation
in healthy volunteers were investigated. Results
indicated that a potato peel-enriched diet resulted
in a slight but statistically significant decrease in
platelet aggregation when arachidonic acid (AA) was
used as the stimulant. A similar trend was observed
with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen
(COL) stimulants, although statistical significance
was not reached. As anticipated, a more pronounced
antiplatelet effect was observed with ASA. This
outcome suggests that a potato peel-enriched
diet has the potential to preserve platelet function,
providing a proactive approach to counteracting
platelet adhesion to vascular intima under conditions
of endothelial dysfunction, ultimately reducing the
risk of atherothrombotic disorders.
The study employed a self-controlled crossover
design, which is a suitable approach for examining
interventions within the same participant group.
This design minimizes individual variability and
enables a robust comparison within subjects.
Such a design is particularly advantageous for
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
The effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet
aggregation was assessed by analyzing changes
in aggregation percentages compared to baseline
values among the participants. Following a seven-day
administration of the potato peel-rich diet, a statistically
significant decrease in platelet aggregation was
observed when arachidonic acid (AA) was used as the
stimulant (mean ± s.e.m: 91.85±1.75% to 85.02±2.0%,
p<0.05) (as shown in Figure 1). While there was a trend
towards reduced aggregation with ADP and COL as
stimulants (91.2±1.8% to 83.7±2.39 for ADP, 92.1±2.3 to
89.4±2.0 for COL), this reduction did not reach statistical
significance (see Figure 2 and Figure 3). Notably,
acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) exhibited a suppressive effect
on aggregation percentages for all three agonists,
with the most significant impact observed against AA
(16±1.98%) compared to ADP (66.0±4.7%) and COL
(66.8±5.6%) (as depicted in Figures 1-3).
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
A A a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
***
*
# # #
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
A D P a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
***
Figure 1. Effect of a potato peel diet (2 g/kg/d) or acetylsalicylic
acid (ASA, 100 mg/d, as reference) on platelet aggregation
percentages in response to arachidonic acid (AA, 150 μg/mL)
stimulation, compared to baseline values in healthy volunteers
after seven days of treatment. (Mean ± s.e.m., RM one-way
ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *p<0.05,
***p<0.001 vs. baseline; ###p<0.001 vs. the diet).
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
A A a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
***
*
# # #
Figure 2. Platelet Aggregation in Response to Potato Peel Diet
(2 g/kg/d) and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA, 100 mg/d) Stimulated
by Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP, 10 μM) in Healthy Volunteers
After Seven Days of Treatment. (Mean ± s.e.m., Friedman test with
Tukey’s multiple comparison. ***p<0.001 vs. baseline).
B a s a l D ie t AS A
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
C O L L a g g r e g a t io n ( % )
*** # #
Figure 3. Platelet Aggregation in Response to Potato Peel Diet
(2 g/kg/d) and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA, 100 mg/d) Stimulated by
Collagen (COLL, 10 μg/mL) in Healthy Volunteers After Seven Days
of Treatment. (Mean ± s.e.m., Friedman test with Tukey’s multiple
comparison. ***p<0.05 vs. baseline, ##p<0.005 vs. the diet).
This study utilized various agonists to induce platelet
aggregation and assessed changes in aggregation
percentages after introducing a potato peel-rich
diet. The intervention significantly reduced platelet
aggregation when stimulated by arachidonic acid
(AA). Although reductions in aggregation were
noted with ADP and COL stimulation, statistical
significance was not achieved. As expected, ASA
exhibited its inhibitory effect on aggregation with
the most pronounced impact observed against AA.
DISCUSSION
In this study, the effects of a diet rich in potato peel
over a seven-day period on platelet aggregation
in healthy volunteers were investigated. Results
indicated that a potato peel-enriched diet resulted
in a slight but statistically significant decrease in
platelet aggregation when arachidonic acid (AA) was
used as the stimulant. A similar trend was observed
with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen
(COL) stimulants, although statistical significance
was not reached. As anticipated, a more pronounced
antiplatelet effect was observed with ASA. This
outcome suggests that a potato peel-enriched
diet has the potential to preserve platelet function,
providing a proactive approach to counteracting
platelet adhesion to vascular intima under conditions
of endothelial dysfunction, ultimately reducing the
risk of atherothrombotic disorders.
The study employed a self-controlled crossover
design, which is a suitable approach for examining
interventions within the same participant group.
This design minimizes individual variability and
enables a robust comparison within subjects.
Such a design is particularly advantageous for
6Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitae Volume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415David Camilo Borda, Mario Francisco Guerrero
studying short-term interventions, such as dietary
modifications or drug treatments.
In this study, a sample size of 12 volunteers was
employed, resulting in two groups of 24 data
points for each intervention. The self-controlled
crossover design capitalizes on each participant
serving as their own control, thereby enhancing
the statistical power of the study to compensate
for the relatively small sample size. Nevertheless,
it is impor tant to acknowledge the inherent
limitations associated with a small sample size
when interpreting the results.
To ensure intervention independence, the study
monitored platelet life span and implemented
a washout period. This approach is crucial in
preventing carryover effects and maintaining
intervention integrity.
The primary outcome measure focused on the
percentage of platelet aggregation before and
after treatment. The selected statistical analyses
were considered appropriate for this study design,
allowing the assessment of differences between
interventions and means across groups. However, it
is important to acknowledge the study’s limitations,
which include the study design, sample size, and
underlying assumptions made during analysis.
Effective prevention of cardiovascular diseases
relies on maintaining a balanced diet, engaging
in regular exercise, and fostering positive habits.
Activated platelets play a critical role in early-stage
plaque formation, emphasizing the importance
of dietary strategies that can influence platelet
function in the prevention of atherothrombotic
vascular diseases. This dietary approach offers
the advantage of a lower risk of adverse effects
compared to potential antiplatelet agents often
used in primary prevention (20).
The influence of the potato diet on platelet
aggregation, particularly its selective effect against
arachidonic acid, may be linked to its potential
to inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane A2.
Thromboxane A2 is a powerful platelet aggregator
and vasoconstrictor. This aligns with one of aspirin’s
antiplatelet mechanisms, where aspirin also inhibits
thromboxane A2 synthesis.
While a potato diet may be less potent than aspirin
(16, 21), it offers the potential advantage of a lower
risk of adverse effects. Aspirin’s well-documented
efficacy and extensively studied mechanisms and
dosages emphasize the necessity for additional
research to establish the mechanisms, safety,
and effectiveness of the potato diet’s potential
antiplatelet effects, especially when compared to
established medications like aspirin.
While this study has its limitations, including a small
sample size consisting solely of healthy volunteers,
these constraints limit the generalizability of the
findings to broader populations. Nonetheless,
the results underscore the promising potential of
potato peels as a nutritional strategy to maintain
platelet function in healthy individuals. As this
work represents a preliminary study assessing the
effects of a potato peel diet and ASA on platelet
aggregation, it’s important to exercise caution when
interpreting the results due to the small sample size
and the open-label nature of the study.
While studies exploring metabolites and diets with
antiplatelet properties may vary due to differences
in study populations and small sample sizes, they
consistently highlight the preventive potential of the
Mediterranean diet (2). This study, which focuses on
potato peels, suggests an opportunity to broaden
the spectrum of nutrients that could contribute to
protection against atherothrombotic disorders.
Given that Solanum tuberosum, commonly known
as the potato, is native to Andean countries and
already constitutes a staple in their traditional
diets, the potential preventive properties against
atherothrombotic disorders could encourage
greater consumption of potato peels worldwide.
Additionally, if S. tuberosum indeed displays
antihypertensive properties in human studies,
it could stimulate the economic growth of the
production chain centered around this valuable
resource (10, 21).
Previous research has highlighted the role of
polyphenolic compounds, such as caffeic acid
and chlorogenic acid, in driving the observed
antiplatelet properties of S. tuberosum (5). Their
antioxidant capabilities might account for the
observed antiaggregant effects, although additional
mechanisms are likely at play. For instance,
mechanisms linked to platelet cyclase/cAMP/
PKA activation pathways, which regulate platelet
function, might contribute (22-23). Additionally,
compounds like the serine protease ‘StSBTc-3,’
which exhibits fibrinogenolytic activity (24), may
also play a role.
The pot ato diet ’s selec tive ef fec t agains t
arachidonic acid (AA) suggests that its active
components might inhibit the synthesis of platelet
prostanoid thromboxane A2 (5). While its potency
studying short-term interventions, such as dietary
modifications or drug treatments.
In this study, a sample size of 12 volunteers was
employed, resulting in two groups of 24 data
points for each intervention. The self-controlled
crossover design capitalizes on each participant
serving as their own control, thereby enhancing
the statistical power of the study to compensate
for the relatively small sample size. Nevertheless,
it is impor tant to acknowledge the inherent
limitations associated with a small sample size
when interpreting the results.
To ensure intervention independence, the study
monitored platelet life span and implemented
a washout period. This approach is crucial in
preventing carryover effects and maintaining
intervention integrity.
The primary outcome measure focused on the
percentage of platelet aggregation before and
after treatment. The selected statistical analyses
were considered appropriate for this study design,
allowing the assessment of differences between
interventions and means across groups. However, it
is important to acknowledge the study’s limitations,
which include the study design, sample size, and
underlying assumptions made during analysis.
Effective prevention of cardiovascular diseases
relies on maintaining a balanced diet, engaging
in regular exercise, and fostering positive habits.
Activated platelets play a critical role in early-stage
plaque formation, emphasizing the importance
of dietary strategies that can influence platelet
function in the prevention of atherothrombotic
vascular diseases. This dietary approach offers
the advantage of a lower risk of adverse effects
compared to potential antiplatelet agents often
used in primary prevention (20).
The influence of the potato diet on platelet
aggregation, particularly its selective effect against
arachidonic acid, may be linked to its potential
to inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane A2.
Thromboxane A2 is a powerful platelet aggregator
and vasoconstrictor. This aligns with one of aspirin’s
antiplatelet mechanisms, where aspirin also inhibits
thromboxane A2 synthesis.
While a potato diet may be less potent than aspirin
(16, 21), it offers the potential advantage of a lower
risk of adverse effects. Aspirin’s well-documented
efficacy and extensively studied mechanisms and
dosages emphasize the necessity for additional
research to establish the mechanisms, safety,
and effectiveness of the potato diet’s potential
antiplatelet effects, especially when compared to
established medications like aspirin.
While this study has its limitations, including a small
sample size consisting solely of healthy volunteers,
these constraints limit the generalizability of the
findings to broader populations. Nonetheless,
the results underscore the promising potential of
potato peels as a nutritional strategy to maintain
platelet function in healthy individuals. As this
work represents a preliminary study assessing the
effects of a potato peel diet and ASA on platelet
aggregation, it’s important to exercise caution when
interpreting the results due to the small sample size
and the open-label nature of the study.
While studies exploring metabolites and diets with
antiplatelet properties may vary due to differences
in study populations and small sample sizes, they
consistently highlight the preventive potential of the
Mediterranean diet (2). This study, which focuses on
potato peels, suggests an opportunity to broaden
the spectrum of nutrients that could contribute to
protection against atherothrombotic disorders.
Given that Solanum tuberosum, commonly known
as the potato, is native to Andean countries and
already constitutes a staple in their traditional
diets, the potential preventive properties against
atherothrombotic disorders could encourage
greater consumption of potato peels worldwide.
Additionally, if S. tuberosum indeed displays
antihypertensive properties in human studies,
it could stimulate the economic growth of the
production chain centered around this valuable
resource (10, 21).
Previous research has highlighted the role of
polyphenolic compounds, such as caffeic acid
and chlorogenic acid, in driving the observed
antiplatelet properties of S. tuberosum (5). Their
antioxidant capabilities might account for the
observed antiaggregant effects, although additional
mechanisms are likely at play. For instance,
mechanisms linked to platelet cyclase/cAMP/
PKA activation pathways, which regulate platelet
function, might contribute (22-23). Additionally,
compounds like the serine protease ‘StSBTc-3,’
which exhibits fibrinogenolytic activity (24), may
also play a role.
The pot ato diet ’s selec tive ef fec t agains t
arachidonic acid (AA) suggests that its active
components might inhibit the synthesis of platelet
prostanoid thromboxane A2 (5). While its potency
7Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitaeVolume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
may be lower than that of acetylsalicylic acid
(ASA), the lower probability of adverse effects
makes it an intriguing avenue that warrants
fur ther investigation. Fur thermore, var ying
polyphenol contents among different varieties of
S. tuberosum have been documented (25). This
study aligns with Buitrago et al.’s findings, which
suggested that the ‘pastusa’ variety, rich in caffeic
acid, exhibited greater antiaggregant activity
against AA (5). Nevertheless, additional research
is necessary to fully understand the relationship
between different S. tuberosum varieties and their
impact on platelet function.
Variations in glycoalkaloid content among S.
tuberosum varieties have also been recognized (13),
which is a crucial factor in establishing the safety of
human consumption. Previous studies involving this
variety have confirmed that glycoalkaloid content
falls within acceptable limits, further supporting the
case for potato peel consumption (8, 9).
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has
emphasized the significance of a balanced diet for
cardiovascular health, citing compelling evidence for
the antiplatelet effects of long-chain polyunsaturated
fatty acids—particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—as well as plant
polyphenols (2, 10). In alignment with these findings,
S. tuberosum emerges as a potential representative
of this latter group.
CONCLUSIONS
The administration of a diet rich in potato peel
to healthy individuals has shown potential in
reducing platelet aggregation, preserving platelet
function in tissues vulnerable to endothelial
dysfunction. These actions may be pivotal in
preventing atherothrombotic disorders, with
broader implications for cardiovascular health and
dietary interventions, highlighting the promise of
potato peel consumption in supporting heart health.
This study offers insights into the impact of dietary
choices on platelet function, especially in the
context of cardiovascular health. Consuming a diet
rich in potato peel led to a significant reduction in
platelet aggregation among healthy participants.
This outcome holds promise as a proactive
strategy to safeguard platelet function, particularly
in environments characterized by endothelial
dysfunction, a precursor to platelet adhesion and
aggregation. By modulating platelet reactivity,
such dietary interventions have the potential to
contribute to the prevention of atherothrombotic
disorders, which are marked by thrombus formation
and cardiovascular events.
While these initial findings are encouraging, there’s
a need for further exploration to fully understand
the precise mechanisms underlying the influence
of potato peel components on platelet function.
Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the
interactions between polyphenolic compounds
and other bioactive constituents in potato peel, as
well as their impact on platelet activation pathways,
could provide valuable insights. Moreover,
investigating potential synergistic effects between
potato peel consumption and other dietar y
factors known to impact cardiovascular health,
such as the Mediterranean diet, may reveal
holistic dietary recommendations for a more
comprehensive approach to addressing the risk of
atherothrombotic disorders.
The observed variations in antiaggregant activity
among diverse S. tuberosum varieties underscore
the intricate nature of dietary interventions and
emphasize the significance of accounting for genetic
diversity within food sources. Subsequent studies
should delve into the mechanistic differences among
these varieties to provide guidance for personalized
dietary recommendations.
From a broader perspective, advocating for
increased consumption of potato peels aligns with
the principles of sustainable and locally sourced
nutrition, particularly in regions where S. tuberosum
is a dietary staple. In addition to its cardiovascular
benefits, this potential dietary approach resonates
with the ethos of promoting traditional foods that
enrich both health and culture.
In summary, this study provides insights into the
potential cardiovascular benefits of incorporating
potato peel into the diet. The findings suggest
the need for ongoing research to fully understand
the therapeutic potential of this natural dietary
component. By advancing our understanding of
the intricate interplay between diet and platelet
function, significant steps are taken toward a
more comprehensive approach to preventing
atherothrombotic disorders and promoting holistic
cardiovascular health.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by COLCIENCIAS (RC
772/2018) and Universidad Nacional de Colombia
(Code 44607, 42815).
Effect of a diet rich in potato peel on platelet aggregation
may be lower than that of acetylsalicylic acid
(ASA), the lower probability of adverse effects
makes it an intriguing avenue that warrants
fur ther investigation. Fur thermore, var ying
polyphenol contents among different varieties of
S. tuberosum have been documented (25). This
study aligns with Buitrago et al.’s findings, which
suggested that the ‘pastusa’ variety, rich in caffeic
acid, exhibited greater antiaggregant activity
against AA (5). Nevertheless, additional research
is necessary to fully understand the relationship
between different S. tuberosum varieties and their
impact on platelet function.
Variations in glycoalkaloid content among S.
tuberosum varieties have also been recognized (13),
which is a crucial factor in establishing the safety of
human consumption. Previous studies involving this
variety have confirmed that glycoalkaloid content
falls within acceptable limits, further supporting the
case for potato peel consumption (8, 9).
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has
emphasized the significance of a balanced diet for
cardiovascular health, citing compelling evidence for
the antiplatelet effects of long-chain polyunsaturated
fatty acids—particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—as well as plant
polyphenols (2, 10). In alignment with these findings,
S. tuberosum emerges as a potential representative
of this latter group.
CONCLUSIONS
The administration of a diet rich in potato peel
to healthy individuals has shown potential in
reducing platelet aggregation, preserving platelet
function in tissues vulnerable to endothelial
dysfunction. These actions may be pivotal in
preventing atherothrombotic disorders, with
broader implications for cardiovascular health and
dietary interventions, highlighting the promise of
potato peel consumption in supporting heart health.
This study offers insights into the impact of dietary
choices on platelet function, especially in the
context of cardiovascular health. Consuming a diet
rich in potato peel led to a significant reduction in
platelet aggregation among healthy participants.
This outcome holds promise as a proactive
strategy to safeguard platelet function, particularly
in environments characterized by endothelial
dysfunction, a precursor to platelet adhesion and
aggregation. By modulating platelet reactivity,
such dietary interventions have the potential to
contribute to the prevention of atherothrombotic
disorders, which are marked by thrombus formation
and cardiovascular events.
While these initial findings are encouraging, there’s
a need for further exploration to fully understand
the precise mechanisms underlying the influence
of potato peel components on platelet function.
Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the
interactions between polyphenolic compounds
and other bioactive constituents in potato peel, as
well as their impact on platelet activation pathways,
could provide valuable insights. Moreover,
investigating potential synergistic effects between
potato peel consumption and other dietar y
factors known to impact cardiovascular health,
such as the Mediterranean diet, may reveal
holistic dietary recommendations for a more
comprehensive approach to addressing the risk of
atherothrombotic disorders.
The observed variations in antiaggregant activity
among diverse S. tuberosum varieties underscore
the intricate nature of dietary interventions and
emphasize the significance of accounting for genetic
diversity within food sources. Subsequent studies
should delve into the mechanistic differences among
these varieties to provide guidance for personalized
dietary recommendations.
From a broader perspective, advocating for
increased consumption of potato peels aligns with
the principles of sustainable and locally sourced
nutrition, particularly in regions where S. tuberosum
is a dietary staple. In addition to its cardiovascular
benefits, this potential dietary approach resonates
with the ethos of promoting traditional foods that
enrich both health and culture.
In summary, this study provides insights into the
potential cardiovascular benefits of incorporating
potato peel into the diet. The findings suggest
the need for ongoing research to fully understand
the therapeutic potential of this natural dietary
component. By advancing our understanding of
the intricate interplay between diet and platelet
function, significant steps are taken toward a
more comprehensive approach to preventing
atherothrombotic disorders and promoting holistic
cardiovascular health.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by COLCIENCIAS (RC
772/2018) and Universidad Nacional de Colombia
(Code 44607, 42815).
8Journal Vitae | https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/vitae Volume 31 | Number 01 | Article 349415David Camilo Borda, Mario Francisco Guerrero
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None of the authors have conflicts of interest related
to this study.
REFERENCES
1. Magrone T, Magrone M, Russo MA, Jirillo E. Platelets: Angels
and demons dancing on the immune stage. Nutrition conducts
the orchestra. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets.
2021;21(7):1196-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/18715303206
66200901183119.
2. Bachmair EM, Ostertag LM, Zhang X, de Roos B. Dietary
manipulation of platelet function. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;144(2):97-
113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.008
3. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger
ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy
JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC Jr, Virani SS,
Williams KA Sr, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline
on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive
Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/
American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice
Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):596-646. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678
4. Tosti V, Bertozzi B, Fontana L. Health Benefits of the Mediterranean
Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms. J Gerontol A Biol Sci
Med Sci. 2018; 73(3):318-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/
glx227.
5. Buitrago DM, Puebla P, Guerrero MF. Antiplatelet Activity of
Metabolites Isolated from Solanum tuberosum. Lat. Am. J. Pharm.
2019;38(8):1575-81. Available from http://www.latamjpharm.org/
resumenes/38/8/LAJOP_38_8_1_14.pdf
6. Wang B, Wu L, Chen J, Dong L, Chen C, Wen Z, Hu J, Fleming
I, Wang DW. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids:
mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct
Target Ther. 2021;6(1):94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-
020-00443-w.
7. Pacifico D, Lanzanova C, Pagnotta E, Bassolino L, Mastrangelo
AM, Marone D, et al. Sustainable Use of Bioactive Compounds
from Solanum Tuberosum and Brassicaceae Wastes and by-
Products for Crop Protection-A Review. Molecules. 2021;
26(8):2174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082174.
8. Camire ME, Kubow S, Donnelly DJ: Potatoes and human health.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009;49(10):823-40. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1080/10408390903041996.
9. Agarwal S, Fulgoni VL. Intake of Potatoes Is Associated with
Higher Diet Quality, and Improved Nutrient Intake and Adequacy
among US Adolescents. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2614. DOI: https://
doi.org/10.3390/nu13082614.
10. Buitrago RO, Peñuela L. La papa: un alimento de oportunidades
con opciones de comercialización internacional. Equidad
y Desarrollo. 2018 32:181-206. Available from https://doi.
org/10.19052/ed.5135.
11. Cebulak T, Krochmal-Marczak B, Stryjecka M, Krzysztofik B,
Sawicka B, Danilčenko H, Jarienè E. Phenolic Acid Content and
Antioxidant Properties of Edible Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
with Various Tuber Flesh Colours. Foods. 2022;12(1):100. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010100.
12. Odunayo MA, Ganiyu O. Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid:
Evaluation of antioxidant effect and inhibition of key enzymes
linked with hypertension.J Food Biochem. 2018;42(4): e12541.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12541.
13 Omayio DG, Abong GO and Okoth MW. A Review of Occurrence
of Glycoalkaloids in Potato and Potato Products. Curr Res Nutr
Food Sci. 2016;4(3):195-202. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/
CRNFSJ.4.3.05
14. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Outcome of a public
consultation on the draft risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed
and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products.
EFSA Supporting Publications. 2020;18(8): e06222 http://dx.doi.
org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1905.
15. Hvas AM, Favaloro EJ. Platelet Function Analyzed by Light
Transmission Aggregometry. Methods Mol Biol. 2017; 1646:321-
331. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7196-1_25.
16. Buitrago DM, Ramos G, Rincón J, Guerrero MF. Antiaggregant
activity of the ethanlic extracts of Solanum tuberosum in human
platelets. VITAE, 2007;14(1):49-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17533/
udea.vitae.568.
17. Neiva TJ, Moraes AC, Schwyzer R, Vituri CL, Rocha TR, Fries DM,
Silva MA, Benedetti AL. In vitro effect of the herbicide glyphosate
on human blood platelet aggregation and coagulation. Rev.
Bras. Hematol. Hemoter. 2010;32(4):291-4. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1590/S1516-84842010005000087.
18. Belleudi V, Trotta F, Vecchi S, Amato L, Addis A, Davoli M. Studies
on drug switchability showed heterogeneity in methodological
approaches: a scoping review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018; 101:5-16.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.05.003.
19. Wilcox R, Peterson TJ, Gray JL. Data Analyses When Sample
Sizes Are Small: Modern Advances for Dealing with Outliers,
Skewed Distributions, and Heteroscedasticity. J Appl Biomech.
2018;34(4):258-261. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2017-
0269.
20. Houston M, Minich D, Sinatra ST, Kahn JK, Guarneri M. Recent
Science and Clinical Application of Nutrition to Coronary Heart
Disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018; 37(3):169-187. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1381053.
21. Guerrero MF, Carrón R, Martín ML. Identification of hypotensive
activity of the ethanolic extract from Solanum tuberosum in rats.
Rev Colomb Sci Chem Pharm. 2003;32(1):30-6. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.15446/rcciquifa.
22. Choi JH, Kim S. Investigation of the anticoagulant and
antithrombotic effects of chlorogenic acid. J Biochem Mol
Toxicol. 2017;31(3): e21865. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/
jbt.21865.
23. ILu Y, Li Q, Liu YY, Sun K, Fan JY, Wang CS, Han JY. Inhibitory
effect of caffeic acid on ADP-induced thrombus formation and
platelet activation involves mitogen-activated protein kinases. Sci
Rep. 2015; 5:13824. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13824.
24. Pepe A, Frey ME, Muñoz F, Fernández MB, Pedraza A, Galbán
G, García DN, Daleo GR, Guevara MG. Fibrin (ogen) olytic and
antiplatelet activities of a subtilisin-like protease from Solanum
tuberosum (StSBTc-3). Biochimie. 2016; 125:163-70. DOI: http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2016.03.015.
25. Mystkowska I, Zarzecka K, Gugała M and Sikorska A. The
Polyphenol Content in Three Edible Potato Cultivars Depending
on the Biostimulants UsedAgriculture. 2020; 10(7):1-8. DOI: http://
dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070269.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None of the authors have conflicts of interest related
to this study.
REFERENCES
1. Magrone T, Magrone M, Russo MA, Jirillo E. Platelets: Angels
and demons dancing on the immune stage. Nutrition conducts
the orchestra. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets.
2021;21(7):1196-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/18715303206
66200901183119.
2. Bachmair EM, Ostertag LM, Zhang X, de Roos B. Dietary
manipulation of platelet function. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;144(2):97-
113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.008
3. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger
ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy
JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC Jr, Virani SS,
Williams KA Sr, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline
on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive
Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/
American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice
Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):596-646. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678
4. Tosti V, Bertozzi B, Fontana L. Health Benefits of the Mediterranean
Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms. J Gerontol A Biol Sci
Med Sci. 2018; 73(3):318-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/
glx227.
5. Buitrago DM, Puebla P, Guerrero MF. Antiplatelet Activity of
Metabolites Isolated from Solanum tuberosum. Lat. Am. J. Pharm.
2019;38(8):1575-81. Available from http://www.latamjpharm.org/
resumenes/38/8/LAJOP_38_8_1_14.pdf
6. Wang B, Wu L, Chen J, Dong L, Chen C, Wen Z, Hu J, Fleming
I, Wang DW. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids:
mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct
Target Ther. 2021;6(1):94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-
020-00443-w.
7. Pacifico D, Lanzanova C, Pagnotta E, Bassolino L, Mastrangelo
AM, Marone D, et al. Sustainable Use of Bioactive Compounds
from Solanum Tuberosum and Brassicaceae Wastes and by-
Products for Crop Protection-A Review. Molecules. 2021;
26(8):2174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082174.
8. Camire ME, Kubow S, Donnelly DJ: Potatoes and human health.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009;49(10):823-40. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1080/10408390903041996.
9. Agarwal S, Fulgoni VL. Intake of Potatoes Is Associated with
Higher Diet Quality, and Improved Nutrient Intake and Adequacy
among US Adolescents. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2614. DOI: https://
doi.org/10.3390/nu13082614.
10. Buitrago RO, Peñuela L. La papa: un alimento de oportunidades
con opciones de comercialización internacional. Equidad
y Desarrollo. 2018 32:181-206. Available from https://doi.
org/10.19052/ed.5135.
11. Cebulak T, Krochmal-Marczak B, Stryjecka M, Krzysztofik B,
Sawicka B, Danilčenko H, Jarienè E. Phenolic Acid Content and
Antioxidant Properties of Edible Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
with Various Tuber Flesh Colours. Foods. 2022;12(1):100. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010100.
12. Odunayo MA, Ganiyu O. Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid:
Evaluation of antioxidant effect and inhibition of key enzymes
linked with hypertension.J Food Biochem. 2018;42(4): e12541.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12541.
13 Omayio DG, Abong GO and Okoth MW. A Review of Occurrence
of Glycoalkaloids in Potato and Potato Products. Curr Res Nutr
Food Sci. 2016;4(3):195-202. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/
CRNFSJ.4.3.05
14. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Outcome of a public
consultation on the draft risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed
and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products.
EFSA Supporting Publications. 2020;18(8): e06222 http://dx.doi.
org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1905.
15. Hvas AM, Favaloro EJ. Platelet Function Analyzed by Light
Transmission Aggregometry. Methods Mol Biol. 2017; 1646:321-
331. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7196-1_25.
16. Buitrago DM, Ramos G, Rincón J, Guerrero MF. Antiaggregant
activity of the ethanlic extracts of Solanum tuberosum in human
platelets. VITAE, 2007;14(1):49-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17533/
udea.vitae.568.
17. Neiva TJ, Moraes AC, Schwyzer R, Vituri CL, Rocha TR, Fries DM,
Silva MA, Benedetti AL. In vitro effect of the herbicide glyphosate
on human blood platelet aggregation and coagulation. Rev.
Bras. Hematol. Hemoter. 2010;32(4):291-4. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1590/S1516-84842010005000087.
18. Belleudi V, Trotta F, Vecchi S, Amato L, Addis A, Davoli M. Studies
on drug switchability showed heterogeneity in methodological
approaches: a scoping review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018; 101:5-16.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.05.003.
19. Wilcox R, Peterson TJ, Gray JL. Data Analyses When Sample
Sizes Are Small: Modern Advances for Dealing with Outliers,
Skewed Distributions, and Heteroscedasticity. J Appl Biomech.
2018;34(4):258-261. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2017-
0269.
20. Houston M, Minich D, Sinatra ST, Kahn JK, Guarneri M. Recent
Science and Clinical Application of Nutrition to Coronary Heart
Disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018; 37(3):169-187. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1381053.
21. Guerrero MF, Carrón R, Martín ML. Identification of hypotensive
activity of the ethanolic extract from Solanum tuberosum in rats.
Rev Colomb Sci Chem Pharm. 2003;32(1):30-6. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.15446/rcciquifa.
22. Choi JH, Kim S. Investigation of the anticoagulant and
antithrombotic effects of chlorogenic acid. J Biochem Mol
Toxicol. 2017;31(3): e21865. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/
jbt.21865.
23. ILu Y, Li Q, Liu YY, Sun K, Fan JY, Wang CS, Han JY. Inhibitory
effect of caffeic acid on ADP-induced thrombus formation and
platelet activation involves mitogen-activated protein kinases. Sci
Rep. 2015; 5:13824. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13824.
24. Pepe A, Frey ME, Muñoz F, Fernández MB, Pedraza A, Galbán
G, García DN, Daleo GR, Guevara MG. Fibrin (ogen) olytic and
antiplatelet activities of a subtilisin-like protease from Solanum
tuberosum (StSBTc-3). Biochimie. 2016; 125:163-70. DOI: http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2016.03.015.
25. Mystkowska I, Zarzecka K, Gugała M and Sikorska A. The
Polyphenol Content in Three Edible Potato Cultivars Depending
on the Biostimulants UsedAgriculture. 2020; 10(7):1-8. DOI: http://
dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070269.