Las Tailocinas como Agentes Antimicrobianos
Características Estructurales, Actividad Antimicrobiana y Potencial Terapéutico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.hm.v15n2a02Palabras clave:
Alternativa antibiótica., Bacteriocinas., Fago sin cabeza., Péptidos antimicrobianos., Resistencia antimicrobiana., Tailocinas.Resumen
La resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM) representa una amenaza global que compromete la efectividad de los tratamientos actuales y pone en riesgo la salud pública, especialmente frente a infecciones causadas por bacterias multirresistentes. En este contexto, las tailocinas, un subgrupo especializado de bacteriocinas, han ganado atención debido a su actividad antimicrobiana específica y su mecanismo de acción basado en la formación de poros en la membrana de las células diana que induce su lisis. Estas moléculas proteicas, derivadas estructuralmente de las colas de bacteriófagos, poseen una alta especificidad hacia bacterias filogenéticamente relacionadas, lo que minimiza su impacto en la microbiota residente y reduce el riesgo de disbiosis, en contraste con otros agentes antimicrobianos que presentan un espectro de acción más amplio y menos específico. A pesar de su prometedor potencial, las aplicaciones terapéuticas de las tailocinas están en una etapa preliminar, razón por la cual aún no se encuentra evidencia de ensayos en humanos. Los estudios actuales se han limitado a modelos animales y ambientes como la rizosfera, en los cuales no se ha evaluado su eficacia frente a bacterias resistentes. Sin embargo, el estado del arte destaca su especificidad para algunas bacterias y su ventaja de no portar material genético, lo que disminuye el riesgo de transferencia horizontal de genes de resistencia. No obstante, es fundamental que futuras investigaciones, en modelos avanzados, se enfoquen en optimizar la estandarización de protocolos para su uso en aplicaciones clínicas y la producción a gran escala. Superar estos desafíos será determinante para consolidar a las tailocinas como una alternativa viable y accesible en la lucha contra la resistencia antimicrobiana.
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