ARNs circulares: moléculas con pasado y futuro
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.acbi.v44n117a03Palabras clave:
secuencia ALU, backsplicing, esponja de miRNAsResumen
Los ARNs circulares (circRNAs) son una clase de ARNs identificados recientemente, que se encuentran altamente expresados en eucariotas y conservados entre especies. Su biogénesis se describe como producto de un proceso llamado backsplicing que ocurre durante la maduración del pre-mRNA, en el que la unión de los sitios dador 3 ́ y aceptor 5 ́ producen una molécula circular. Su estructura de bucle cerrado le confiere mayor estabilidad y resistencia a la degradación por algunas ARNsas en contraste con los ARNs lineales. Se postulan distintas funciones de los circRNAs como: competencia de corte y empalme frente al gen del que derivan, esponjas de micro ARNs, reguladores de la metilación de islas CpG o mediadores en la migración de pAKT al núcleo. Por lo tanto, los circRNAs son considerados importantes reguladores post-transcripcionales de la supervivencia celular y se han utilizado como biomarcadores en enfermedades como el cáncer. Su abundancia en el tejido neural también los relaciona con el desarrollo de distintas patologías del sistema nervioso observadas en personas de mayor edad. El objetivo de esta revisión es resumir conceptos actuales sobre los circRNA en eucariotas, sus posibles funciones y resaltar su importancia en distintos sistemas como cardíaco, nervioso, endocrino y digestivo. Además, se discute su impacto en cardiogénesis, neurodegeneración y cáncer, para entender por qué se les considera una importante herramienta en el campo de la investigación en biología molecular.
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