Estado actual del conocimiento sobre el efecto de los microplásticos en comunidades de macroinvertebrados de ecosistemas lóticos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.acbi/v47n122a02Palabras clave:
contaminantes emergentes, microplásticos, niveles tróficos, perjuicio ecosistémico, ríos, transferenciaResumen
La producción mundial de plástico asciende a 6300 millones de toneladas, lo cual influye grandemente en la creciente contaminación por productos plásticos, originando un problema que afecta de diferentes maneras los ecosistemas, especialmente los de agua dulce, identificados recientemente como los principales sumideros de partículas plásticas ya que se encuentran directamente expuestos a los asentamientos humanos y por consiguiente a actividades antrópicas. La incorporación de microplásticos en la base de la red alimentaria se realiza a través de su ingestión por parte de macroinvertebrados de diferentes grupos funcionales, como (i) filtradores: Daphnia magna, (ii) trituradores: Gammarus pulex y Hyalella azteca, (iii) recolectores: Culex pipiens, Chironomus riparius, Chironomus tepperi y (iv) herbívoros como el caracol Physella acuta, lo cual puede conllevar al bloqueo del tracto digestivo, aumentar la mortalidad, disminuir la fecundidad, provocar respuestas inflamatorias, alterar el metabolismo, interrumpir la reproducción, cambiar el comportamiento y diesmar las reservas energéticas. En consecuencia, los microplásticos representan una amenaza para las comunidades de macroinvertebrados con graves consecuencias a nivel ecosistémico. Sin embargo, aún es necesario comprender los verdaderos riesgos de los microplásticos en los sistemas de agua dulce y otros ecosistemas teniendo en cuenta estructura, características funcionales y comportamiento de los organismos de estudio para concienciar la toma de decisiones del público. El presente artículo de revisión narrativa se realizó mediante la consulta de bases de datos nacionales e internacionales para compilar publicaciones que reflejen el estado actual de conocimiento del efecto de los microplásticos sobre las comunidades de macroinvertebrados de ecosistemas lóticos.
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