El comportamiento de la oferta laboral y de la tasa de desempleo: indeterminación teórica e incertidumbre empírica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n16a10374Abstract
Resumen
Uno de los puntales tradicionales de la teoría económica -sobre todo de la escuela neoclásica- ha sido la noción del trabajo como mercancía, cuyo precio y cuya cantidad transada se determinan por una oferta y una demanda, generadas independientemente en el mercado laboral. Si el empleo y los salarios son un caso
particular de la teoría del cambio, entonces todas las teorías económicas, incluyendo las de la producción y la acumulación, pueden construirse sobre esta base. No obstante este proyecto explicativo tiene -desde los modelos más simples- un talón de Aquiles: la incertidumbre teórica acerca de las formas de la oferta laboral, puesto que ésta puede responder positiva o negativamente al salario dependiendo de la potencia de las fuerzas a favor y en contra. El caso de una economía de alto desempleo crónico, como la colombiana, muestra que esa incertidumbre teórica se asocia a una incertidumbre empírica: el comportamiento paralelo de la oferta y la demanda de trabajo en el mediano y en el corto plazo destruye la hipótesis de la independencia genérica de ambas y hace indeterminado el comportamiento de la tasa de desempleo, que deja de ser así un buen indicador de la situación laboral.
Abstract
One of the traditional cornerstones in economic 'theory -mainly in the Neoclassical school- has been the notion of labor as a commodity and the determination in the labor market of its price and quantity, traded by means of the demand and supply functions -independently generated. If employment and wages are only a special case of the theory of exchange then all theories, including the ones of production and accumulation, could stand over this base. However this project has -even in its simpler versions- its Achile's heel: the theoretical uncertainty about the shape of the labor supply function, due to ambiguous effect of wage changes. In the case of an economy, like the Colombian -with a high long-standing level of unemployment- the theoretical uncertainty is associated with an empirical one: the parallel behavior of the supply and demand of labor functions, in the medium and short terms, destroys the hypothesis of their genetic independence and the behavior of the rate of unemployment is undetermined. The rate of unemployment is not a trustable indicator of the labor market situation.
Palabras claves: Escuela neoclásica, el comportamiento de la oferta laboral, tasa de desempleo.
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