Tricoticenos macrocíclicos: toxinas hasta ahora no reconocidas en Colombia

María C. Lozano A.; Gonzalo J. Díaz G.

doi:10.17533/udea.rccp.324031

Authors

María C. Lozano A.
Gonzalo J. Díaz G.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.324031

Keywords:

baccarines, Baccharis sp, stachybotrytoxicosis, roridines, Stachybotris atra, verrucarines

Abstract

Resumen

Dentro de las micotoxinas, los tricoticenos han sido consideradas sustancias con potencial toxico suficiente para alterar los procesos productivos en los animales. Los m·s conocidos son la T-2 toxina, la HT-2 toxina, el diascetoxiscirpenol y el deoxinovalenol, todos pertenecientes al grupo de los tricoticenos simples. Sin embargo, existe otro grupo de tricoticenos, los macrocíclicos, hasta ahora no caracterizados en Colombia y que tienen un potencial toxico mayor. Los tricoticenos macrocíclicos más estudiados han sido las roridinas, verrucarinas, satratoxinas y baccarinas. En la naturaleza estos compuestos se encuentran como micotoxinas, producidos principalmente por los hongos Stachybotrys atra (=chartarum) y Myrothecium sp. y también como fitotoxinas en plantas del género Baccharis sp. El principal mecanismo de acción de estas toxinas es la inhibición de la síntesis de proteínas, afectando principalmente células de división activa y manifestándose clínicamente con una extrema irritación en piel y en membranas mucosas; otros efectos tóxicos que pueden generar son: la inhibición de sistemas enzimáticos y la inmunotoxicidad. El hongo celulolítico S. atra, contamina heno o paja que esté formando parte de la cama de los animales o de su dieta; los tricoticenos producidos por este hongo causan la estaquibotritoxicosis en equinos, bovinos, ovinos y porcinos, enfermedad descrita en Europa Oriental. El S. atra puede crecer en material de construcción rico en celulosa en edificaciones con alto grado de humedad y liberar esporas que contienen tricoticenos macrocíclicos. Los humanos al inhalar estas esporas pueden presentar hemorragias pulmonares. En Brasil, Uruguay, Paraguay y Argentina el consumo de plantas Baccharis sp. por animales causa hemorragias gastrointestinales, alteración de órganos hematopoyéticos y alopecia. Aunque en Colombia no ha sido demostrada la presencia de estas toxinas, es necesario reconocer las principales fuentes y efectos tóxicos que pueden producir y de esta manera poder caracterizar su posible ocurrencia en el país.

Summary

Trichothecenes are mycotoxins that alter animal production. The most known trichothecenes are T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diascetoxiscirpenol and deoxinivalenol, all these belonging to simple trihothecenes. However there are others more toxic trichothecenes that have not been characterized in Colombia, they are the macrocyclics. The most studied macrocyclic trichothecenes are roridines, verrucarines, satratroxines and baccarines. On nature these substances could be present like both, mycotoxins (mainly produced by Stachybotrys atra (=chartarum) and Myrothecium sp) or phytotoxins present on Baccharis sp. The main action of these toxins is protein synthesis disruption. They alter cells with a high rate of division like epithelial ones. Therefore among clinical manifestations is skin and mucous membranes irritation. Others toxic effects produced by macrocyclic trichothecenes are enzymatic systems inhibition and immunotoxicity. S. atra is a cellulolytic fungus that can contaminate either straw for animals bedding or fed rich in cellulose. This contaminated material produces stachybotrytoxicosis that have been described on equines, bovines, ovines and porcines from East Europe. Besides, S. atra is commonly found in rich cellulose material present in water damaged buildings whose habitants could inhale fungus spores with macrocyclic trichothecenes and develop lung hemorrhages. On Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentine herbivores that consume Baccharis sp present gastrointestinal hemorrhages, hematopoietic organs alteration and lost of hair. Although in Colombia presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes have not been demonstrated, it is necessary to recognize their main sources and toxic effects in order to characterize its possible presence in this country.

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