Microbiota de Peces de Importancia Económica en Colombia y Hungría: Estrategias Probióticas para el Crecimiento y la Mejora de la Salud
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.e360455Palabras clave:
acuicultura, interacciones microbianas del huésped, microbioma, microbiota gastrointestinal, probióticosResumen
Antecedentes: La microbiota asociada a los peces desempeña un papel crucial en el mantenimiento de la salud y la mejora de la productividad. Sin embargo, en comparación con los mamíferos, la composición y las funciones de la microbiota de los peces siguen siendo menos comprendidas. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis exhaustivo de la literatura científica con el fin de obtener información sobre diversas interacciones probióticas y especies de peces de importancia económica entre Colombia y Hungría. Resultados: El mejoramiento en el rendimiento del crecimiento se reflejó en mayores tasas específicas de crecimiento, mayor ganancia de peso y una mejor conversión alimenticia, y está estrechamente vinculada a la modulación de la microbiota. Estos beneficios en el crecimiento se acompañan de una mayor respuesta inmune, incluyendo un aumento en la actividad de la lisozima, una regulación positiva de la expresión de componentes del complemento y citocinas (por ejemplo, IL-1β, TNF-α) y una mayor actividad de enzimas antioxidantes (por ejemplo, superóxido dismutasa [SOD], catalasa [CAT]). Varios ensayos también reportan mejoras en la actividad de enzimas digestivas (amilasa, proteasa, lipasa) y en la morfología intestinal. Además, los cambios en la composición de la microbiota intestinal caracterizados por una mayor abundancia de bacterias beneficiosas (por ejemplo, bacterias ácido-lácticas) y una reducción de poblaciones patógenas se correlacionan con la regulación positiva de vías metabólicas involucradas en la utilización de carbohidratos y las defensas antioxidantes. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos destacan la importancia de comprender la microbiota de los peces para diferenciar fenotipos beneficiosos de patogénicos, lo que, en última instancia, allana el camino para estrategias dietéticas innovadoras en la acuicultura.
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