Posibilidades de expansión del cultivo de yuca Manihot esculentum crantz en el Caribe seco colombiano a partir de investigación multidisciplinaria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.acbi.329317Palabras clave:
fotosíntesis neta, longevidad foliar, penetrancia radical, sequía, rendimiento de raíces, ManihotResumen
En áreas donde la sequía es prolongada y el mayor limitante para el éxito de los cultivos alimenticios como los cereales, la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) se produce razonablemente bien por su fotosíntesis intermedia C3-C4. La yuca ha entrado en la economía de mercado moderno y es creciente su demanda en la utilización en alimentos procesados, alimentación animal, bioetanol, almidón y sus derivados y para muchas otras aplicaciones industriales. Un cambio a partir de las plantaciones tradicionales a pequeña escala para el mercado fresco, hacia plantaciones a gran escala para el abastecimiento de los centros de procesamiento, requiere incremento del rendimiento, calidad y estabilidad productiva. En Latinoamérica, aproximadamente el 45% del área total de cultivo de yuca proviene de zonas con estrés hídrico o con lluvias esporádicas. Adicionalmente, el potencial de expansión futuro del cultivo está ubicado en zonas marginales. A pesar que existe un amplio rango de variabilidad genética en la mayoría de los caracteres de tolerancia a la sequía en el germoplasma de yuca, la investigación multidisciplinaria, podría incrementar la eficacia en la selección de los mejores parentales y la piramidación de genes que potencialicen las características fisiológicas de tolerancia a la sequía preexistentes en el genoma de la yuca. El objetivo de esta revisión es delinear las posibilidades de la investigación integrada de la fisiología, biotecnología y mejoramiento para potencializar las características de tolerancia a sequía en yuca.
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