Life history of Ulex europaeus and management actions to control its invasion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.acbi/v45n119a03Keywords:
invasive specie, monitoring, control techniques, literature review distribution, Ulex europaeusAbstract
Ulex europaeus is one of the most aggressive invasive species for natural systems. It affects the dynamics of the landscape, alters the original edaphic composition, and can eliminate grasslands and crops. Dense thickets of Ulex europaeus compete for resources and space with native taxa, reducing richness and diversity. It has been found that fire favors Ulex europaeus regeneration and threatens native species communities and populations. In this review, the ecology of the species, its geographical distribution and management actions were analyzed. The control of Ulex europaeus is more efficient in juvenile stages and in low invasion densities. The treatments used, including herbicides, biological controls, manual removal and fire, have not been widely successful, due to the heterogeneous conditions and the history of invasion of each territory. A literature review shows that there is an information gap regarding the combined management strategies, different periods of time and constant monitoring that allow for the control and eradication of this species, establishing the characteristics and particularities of each region.
Downloads
References
Aguilar-Garavito, M. (2010, septiembre 05). Restauración ecológica en aéreas afectadas por la invasión de retamo espinoso en la Serranía el Zuque [Tesis de Maestría]. Universidad de Alcalá, Rey Juan Carlos, Complutense y Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid.
Aguilar-Garavito, M., Estupiñán-Suárez, L. M., Rojas-Sánchez, S. E., Isaacs-Cubides, P., Jurado-Bastidas, R. D., Londoño, M. C., & Silva-Arias, L. M. (2018). Guía para la restauración ecológica de la región Subandina. Caso: Distrito de Conservación de Suelos Barbas-Bremen [archivo PDF]. Recuperado de https://Guia%20Barbas%20Bremen_21, 5x28cm_11%20septiembre.pdf
Anderson, S. A. J., & Anderson, W. R. (2010). Ignition and fire spread thresholds in gorse (Ulex europaeus). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 19(5), 589-598. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF09008
Atlan, A., Barat, M., Legionnet, A. S., Parize, L., & Tarayre, M. (2010). Genetic variation in flowering phenology and avoidance of seed predation in native populations of Ulex europaeus. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(2), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01908.x.
Atlan, A., & Darrot, C. (2012). Les invasions biologiques entre écologie et sciences sociales: Quelles spécificités pour l’outre-mer français. Revue d'Écologie, Terre et Vie, 11, 101-112. https://hal.science/hal-03530760/file/bitstream_114565.pdf
Balneaves, J. M., & Davenhill, N. A. (1990). Triclopyr-the forest managers alternative to 2,4,5-T?. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 20(3), 295-306. https://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/59923/NZJFS203295BALNEAVES.pdf
Barat, M., Tarayre, M., & Atlan, A. (2007). Plant phenology and seed predation: interactions between gorses and weevils in Brittany (France). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 124(2), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00565.x
Barrera-Cataño, J. I., Contreras-Rodríguez, S. M., Malambo-Duarte, N., Moreno-Cárdenas, A., Ocampo, R., Rodríguez-Perdomo, D., & Rojas-Rojas, J. (2019). Plan de prevención, manejo y control de las especies de retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus) y retamo liso (Genista monspessulana) en la jurisdicción CAR [archivo PDF]. Recuperado de https://www.car.gov.co/uploads/files/5de68ac55d8be.pdf
Beltrán, G, H. E., & Barrera-Cataño, J. I. (2014). Characterization of Ulex europaeus invasions of different ages, as a tool for ecological restoration of Andean forests, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 15, 3-26. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/491/49140740002.pdf
Beltrán, H. (2012). Evaluación de matorrales y bancos de semillas en invasiones de Ulex europeaus con diferente edad de invasión al sur de Bogotá DC–Colombia [Trabajo de Maestría]. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá.
Bernal, R., Galeano, G., Rodríguez, A., Sarmiento, H., & Gutiérrez, M. (2017). Nombres comunes de las plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/es/
Bonilla, A. F., & Bonilla, D. A. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of a novel Lignin-based biopolymer from Ulex europaeus: A Preliminary Study. J, 4(2), 101-115.
Broadfield, N., & McHenry, M. T. (2019). A world of gorse: persistence of Ulex europaeus in managed landscapes. Plants, 8(11), 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/j4020009
Carvajal, M., Vergara, A., Osorio, M., Sánchez, E., Ramírez, I., Velásquez, A., & Seeger, M. (2021). Anti-phytopathogenic activities and chemical composition of Ulex europaeus L. extracts. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 55(6), 1039-1048. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.anres.2021.55.6.14
Castillo-Díaz, D., Contreras-Rodríguez, S., Basto, S & Alonso, C. (2016). Distribución vertical de los bancos de semillas de Ulex europaeus y su implicación para la restauración ecológica en el Parque Forestal Embalse del Neusa, Cundinamarca, Colombia [archivo PDF]. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309677227_Distribucion_vertical_de_bancos_de_semillas_de_Ulex_europaeus_L_y_su_implicacion_para_la_restauracion_ecologica_en_el_Parque_Forestal_Embalse_del_Neusa_Cundinamarca_Colombia
Castro, F. (2011). Estrategia de control de Tojo-Ulex europaeus en campos forestales y ganaderos [archivo PDF]. Recuperado de: http://www.ainfo.inia.uy/digital/bitstream/item/12573/1/sad644P13-19.pdf
Ceccon, E. (2014). Restauración en bosques tropicales: fundamentos ecológicos, prácticos y sociales. Madrid, España, Ediciones Díaz de Santos.
Christina, M., Limbada, F., & Atlan, A. (2020). Climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub (Ulex europaeus): a global scale comparison in native and introduced regions. Journal of Plant Ecology, 13(1), 42-50 https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz041
Clements, D. R., Peterson, D. J., & Prasad, R. (2001). The biology of Canadian weeds. 112. Ulex europaeus L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 81(2), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.4141/P99-128
Cowley, J. M. (1983). Life cycle of Apion ulicis (Coleoptera: Apionidae), and gorse seed attack around Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of zoology, 10(1), 83-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1983.10423893
Cubas, P., & Pardo, C. (1988). Morfología de las semillas del género Ulex (genisteae, papilionoideae). Lagascalia, 15, 275-283. http://hdl.handle.net/11441/56552
Cubas, P., Pardo, C., & Tahiri, H. (2005). Genetic variation and relationships among Ulex (Fabaceae) species in southern Spain and northern Morocco assessed by chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers. American Journal of Botany, 92(12), 2031-2043. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125536
Culliney, T. W., Nagamine, W. T., & Teramoto, K. (2003). Introducciones para el control biológico en Hawái 1997-2001. Actas de la Sociedad Entomológica de Hawai, 36, 145–153.
Davies, J. T., Ireson, J. E., & Allen, G. R. (2004). The role of natural enemies in regulating populations of biocontrol agents on gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) [archivo PDF]. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267197176_The_efficacy_of_biological_control_agents_of_gorse_Ulex_europaeus_L_in_Tasmania/link/54d935ab0cf25013d041331a/download
De Luis, M., Raventós, J., & González-Hidalgo, J. C. (2005). Factors controlling seedling germination after fire in Mediterranean gorse shrublands. Implications for fire prescription. Journal of Environmental Management, 76(2), 159-166. https://doi.10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.014
GBIF. (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. https://www.gbif.org/es/
Gränzig, T., Fassnacht, F. E., Kleinschmit, B., & Förster, M. (2021). Mapping the fractional coverage of the invasive shrub Ulex europaeus with multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery utilizing UAV orthoimages and a new spatial optimization approach. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 96, 102281. https://doi.10.1016/j.jag.2020.102281
Harman, H. M., Syrett, P., Hill, R. L., & Jessep, C. T. (1996). Arthropod introductions for biological control of weeds in New Zealand, 1929-1995. New Zealand Entomologist, 19(1), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1996.9722027
Herrera-Murillo, F., & Picado-Arroyo, G. (2022). Evaluación de herbicidas preemergentes para el control de arvenses en camote. Agronomía costarricense, 47(1), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.15517/rac.v47i1.53949
Hill, R. L., Gourlay, A. H., & Fowler, S. V. (2000). The biological control program against gorse in New Zealand. Proceedings of the X international Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (pp. 909-917). Montana, USA: Neal R. Spencer ed. https://www.invasive.org/publications/xsymposium/proceed/13pg909.pdf
Hill, R. L., & Gourlay, A. H. (2002). Host-range testing, introduction, and establishment of Cydia succedana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) for biological control of gorse, Ulex europaeus L., in New Zealand. Biological Control, 25(2), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00057-9
Hill, R., Ireson, J., Sheppard, A., Gourlay, A., Norambuena, H., Markin, G., Kong, R., & Coombs, E. (2008). A global view of the future for biological control of gorse, Ulex europaeus L. Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (pp. 680-686). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://doi.10.1079/9781845935061.0680
Hill, R. L., Gourlay, A. H., & Barker, R. J. (2014). Survival of Ulex europaeus seeds in the soil at three sites in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 39(2), 235-244. https://doi.10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512734
Hornoy, B., Tarayre, M., Hervé, M., Gigord, L., & Atlan, A. (2011). Invasive plants and enemy release: evolution of trait means and trait correlations in Ulex europaeus. PLoS One, 6(10), e26275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026275
Imbert, J. B., Blanco, J. A., & Castillo, F. J. (2004). Gestión forestal y ciclos de nutrientes en el marco del cambio global. Ecología del bosque mediterráneo en un mundo cambiante, 17, 479-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.004
Ireson, J. E., Gourlay, A. H., Holloway, R. J., Chatterton, W. S., Foster, S. D., Kwong, R. M. (2008). Host specificity, establishment and dispersal of the gorse thrips, Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a biological control agent for gorse, Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae), in Australia. Biological Control, 45(3), 460-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.03.002
Jayasekara, D., Chandrasiri, P. H. S. P., Dharmarathne, W. D. S. C., Prabhath, M. C., & Mahaulpatha, W. A. D. (2021). Implications of invasive shrub gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) eradication programs in horton plains national park, Sri Lanka: A case study from a tropical island. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 19(4), 3323-3341. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1904
Lee, W. G., Allen, R. B., & Johnson, P. N. (2011). Succession and dynamics of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) communities in the dunedin ecological district South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand journal of botany, 24(2), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1986.10412678
León Cordero, R., Torchelsen, F. P., Overbeck, G. E., & Anand, M. (2016). Invasive gorse (Ulex europaeus, Fabaceae) changes plant community structure in subtropical forest–grassland mosaics of southern Brazil. Biological Invasions, 18, 1629-1643. https://doi.10.1007/s10530-016-1106-5
León, O., & Vargas, O. (2009a). Sombreado artificial y natural en el control y restauración ecológica de áreas invadidas por Ulex europaeus (retamo espinoso). Restauración ecológica en zonas invadidas por retamo espinoso y plantaciones forestales de especies exóticas (pp. 131-147). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
León, O., & Vargas, O. (2009b). Las especies invasoras: un reto para la restauración ecológica. Restauración Ecológica en zonas invadidas por retamo espinoso y plantaciones forestales de especies exóticas (pp. 19-38). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
López-Hortas, L., Conde, E., Falqué, E., & Domínguez, H. (2016). Flowers of Ulex europaeus L.–Comparing two extraction techniques (MHG and distillation). Comptes Rendus Chimie, 19(6), 718-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2015.11.027
López-Rodríguez, A., Hernández, M., Carrillo-Galvez, A., Becerra, J., & Hernández, V. (2022). Phytotoxic activity of Ulex europaeus, an invasive plant on Chilean ecosystems: separation and identification of potential allelochemicals. Natural Product Research, 37(5), 769-775. https://doi.0.1080/14786419.2022.2081851
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas S. & De Poorter, M. (2000), 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database, Auckland, Nueva Zelanda, IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Invasive Species Specialist Group. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/8565.
Markin, G. P., & Yoshioka, E. R. (1998). Introduction and Establishment of the Biological Control Agent Apion ulicis (Forster) (Coleoptera: Apionidae) for Control of the Weed Gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 33, 35-42. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/16300
Markin, G. P., Conant, P., Killgore, E., & Yoshioka, E. (2002). Biological control of gorse in Hawaii: A program review. Proceedings of workshop on biological control of native ecosystems in Hawaii (pp. 53-61). Hawaii, USA: Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany. http://www.hear.org/pcsu/techreports/pdfs/pcsutechreport00129markinetal.pdf
McAlpine, K. G., Lamoureaux, S. L., Timmins, S. M., & Wotton, D. M. (2018). Can a reduced rate of herbicide benefit native plants and control ground cover weeds New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 42(2), 204-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.42.34
Medina-Villar, S., Vázquez de Aldana, B. R., Herrero, A., Pérez-Corona, M. E., & Gianoli, E. (2021). The green thorns of Ulex europaeus play both defensive and photosynthetic roles: consequences for predictions of the enemy release hypothesis. Biological Invasions, 24, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02648-8
Memmott, J., Fowler, S. V., & Hill, R. L. (1998). The EVect of Release Size on the Probability of Establishment of Biological Control Agents: Gorse Thrips (Sericothrips staphylinus) Released Against Gorse (Ulex europaeus) in New Zealand. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 8(1), https://doi.103-115. 10.1080/09583159830478
Moore, J. H., & Kennewell, M. (2010). The gorse (Ulex europaeus) eradication programme in Western Australia. Proceedings of the seventeenth Australasian weeds conference (pp. 107-110). Australia: Ascot Inn, Perth, Western Australia. https://caws.org.nz/old-site/awc/2010/awc201011071.pdf
Muthulingam, P., & Marambe, B. (2022). The invasive weed Gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) in Sri Lanka: Implications of Naturalization over a Century. Journal of Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society, 4, 21-35. https://weeds-apwss.scholasticahq.com/article/36836.pdf
Niño, Y., Vega, L. T., & Ruiz, B. (2018). Evaluation of the Energy Potential of the Gorse (Ulex europaeus) in the Generation of Electrical Energy by Gasification. Journal of Chemical Engineering Transactions, 64, 481-486. http://doi.org/10.3303/CET1864081
Norambuena, H., Escobar, S., & Rodríguez, F. (2001). Control biológico de Ulex europaeus L.: Internación a Chile de dos poblaciones del bioagente Agonopterix ulicetella (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Agricultura Técnica, 61(1), 82-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0365-28072001000100009
Norambuena, H., Martínez, G., Carillo, R. & Neira, M. (2007). Especificidad del huésped y establecimiento de Tetranychus lintearius (Acara: Tetranychidae) para el control biológico de la aulaga (Ulex europaeus). Control biológico, 26, 40–47.
Ocampo-Zuleta, K., & Solorza-Bejarano, J. (2017). Banco de semillas de retamo espinoso Ulex europaeus L. en bordes del matorral invasor en un ecosistema zonal de bosque altoandino, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 18(1), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2017.v18s01a05
Ocampo-Zuleta, K., & Beltrán-Vargas, J. (2018). Modelación dinámica de incendios forestales en los Cerros Orientales de Bogotá, Colombia. Madera y bosques, 24(3), 1-20. http://doi10.21829/myb.2018.2431662
Pardo-Muras, M., Puig, C. G., López-Nogueira, A., Cavaleiro, C., & Pedrol, N. (2018). On the bioherbicide potential of Ulex europaeus and Cytisus scoparius: Profiles of volatile organic compounds and their phytotoxic effects. PLoS One, 13(10), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205997
Pinzón-García, P., Aguilar-Garavito, M., Quijano, M., Sierra, J., & Rubio, J. (2018). Restauración Ecológica en Colombia: “Un compromiso de país”, Bogotá D.C. Colombia, Red Colombiana de Restauración Ecológica, Universidad Católica de Oriente.
Portilla Yela, J. (2019). The invasive species Ulex europaeus modifies its seeds morphology and germination pattern as it moves up along an elevation gradient [Tesis de Pregrado]. Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá. http://hdl.handle.net/1992/45420.
Poveda, A. (2020). Diagnostico participativo de la invasión de Retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus L.) en la vereda Romeral del municipio de Sibate Cundinamarca [Tesis de Pregrado]. Universidad de Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá. https://repositorio.ucundinamarca.edu.co/handle/20.500.12558/2998
Preest, D. (1980). Seasonal variation in seedling gorse susceptibility to four herbicides. New Zealand Plant Protection, 33, 165-169. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1980.33.10670
POWO (2021, noviembre). "Plants of the World Online. Facilitado por Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsidhttps://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:23746-1%20
Ramírez-Rodríguez, J. R., Lezama-Sánchez, F., Flores-Tolentino, M., Castillo-Gutiérrez, A., Mosso-Mancilla, E., & Tovar-Sánchez, E. (2022). Primer registro de Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae, Faboideae) en México. Acta Botánica Mexicana, 129, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm129.2022.1987
Rathcke, B., & Lacey, E. P. (1985). Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 16(1), 179-214.
Rees, M., & Hill, R. L. (2001). Large-scale disturbances, biological control and the dynamics of gorse populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(2), 364-377. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001143
Rice, B. (2004) Efects of the biological control agent, Tetranychus lintearius, on its host, Ulex europaeus [Tesis de Maestría]. Universidad Estatal de Oregon, Oregon.
Richardson, R. G. & Hill, R. L. (1998). The biology of Australian weeds. 34. Ulex europaeus L. Journal of Plant Protection Quarterly, 13(2), 46–58. cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19982303657
Ríos, H. (2005). Guía técnica para la restauración ecológica de áreas afectadas por especies vegetales invasores en el distrito capital: complejo invasor Retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus) Retamo liso (Teline monspessulana, Bogotá, Colombia, Jardín Botánico de Bogotá “José Celestino Mutis”. http://catalogo.jbb.gov.co/cgibin/koha/opacdetail.pl?
biblionumber=1836&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2477#shelfbrowser
Rivera-Díaz, A. (2015). Efecto de las eliminaciones sucesivas de la vegetación en pie sobre el reclutamiento de Ulex europaeus, en matorrales de diferentes edades en Bogotá DC en Colombia [Tesis de Maestría]. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá.
Rolando, C. A., Gous, S. F., & Watt, M. S. (2011). Preliminary screening of herbicide mixes for the control of five major weed species on certified Pinus radiata plantations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 41, 165-175. https://digitalnz.org/records/29929002
Rolston, M. P., & Devantier, B. P. (2012). Alternative herbicides to 2, 4, 5-T for gorse control. Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 11(1), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1983.10427735.
Salgado-Negret, B., Baptiste, M.P. & Vásquez, M. (2017). Explorando los mecanismos que promueven las invasiones biológicas y su impacto sobre los ecosistemas: Importancia de las estrategias funcionales de las especies. Plantas exóticas con alto potencial de invasión en Colombia (pp. 57-63) Bogotá, Colombia: Cárdenas-López, D., Baptiste, M. P., & Castaño, N. (Eds).
Shamoun, S. F., & Elliott, M. (2022). Comparative Efficacy of Chondrosterum purpureum and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel. Pathogens, 11(5), 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050485
Sher, A. A., & Hyatt, L. A. (1999). The disturbed resource-flux invasion matrix: a new framework for patterns of plant invasion. Biological Invasions, 1, 107-114. https://doi:10.1023/a:1010050420466
Sixtus, C. R., Hilf, G. D., & Scott, R. R. (2004). Variation in gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) seed production and viability in the South Island of New Zealand. Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 34, 31-41. https://www.agronomysociety.org.nz/files/2004_5._Gorse_seed_prod_and_viability_in_SI.pdf
Thapa, S., Chitale, V., Joshi, S., Bisht, N., & Shrestha, B. (2018). Understanding the dynamics in distribution of invasive alien plant species under predicted climate change in Western Himalaya. PLoS One, 13(4), e0195752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195752
Udo, N., Darrot, C., Tarayre, M., & Atlan, A. (2016). Histoire humaine et naturelle d’une invasion biologique. Revue d’ethnoécologie, 9(1), 3-40. https://doi.org/10.4000/ethnoecologie.2724
Udo, N., Tarayre, M., & Atlan, A. (2017). Evolution of germination strategy in the invasive species Ulex europaeus. Journal of Plant Ecology, 10(2), 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw032
Vargas, L. (2018). Identificación de los patrones de actividad de Cavia aperea, un roedor vinculado con el Retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus) en el sector de Chapinero- Parque forestal embalse del Neusa, Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia [Tesis de pregrado]. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/35620
Viljoen, B. D., & Stoltsz, C. W. (2007). Evaluation of selected herbicides for the control of European gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) by cut-stump and foliar treatment. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 24(2), 130-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2007.10634794
Yamoah, E., Jones, E. E., Weld, R. J., Suckling, D. M., Waipara, N., Bourdôt, G. W., & Stewart, A. (2008). Microbial population and diversity on the exoskeletons of four insect species associated with gorse (Ulex europaeus L.). Australian Journal of Entomology, 47(4), 370-379. https://doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2008.00655.x
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Actualidades Biológicas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors exclusively authorize the Actualidades Biológicas journal to edit and publish the submitted manuscript if its publication is recommended and accepted, without this representing any cost to the Journal or the University of Antioquia.
All the ideas and opinions contained in the articles are sole responsibility of the authors. The total content of the issues or supplements of the journal is protected under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, so they cannot be used for commercial purposes, but for educational purposes. However, please mention the Actualidades Biológicas journal as a source and send a copy of the publication in which the content was reproduced.
