Preliminary assessment of habitat uses and time budget by an urban group of white-footed tamarins (Oedipomidas leucopus, Callitrichidae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.acbi/v47n122a07Keywords:
conservation, diet, plasticity, urban ecology, Saguinus, urban primateAbstract
High levels of species diversity and endemism in developing countries contrast with a dramatic expansion of human populations and urban development. This poses a challenge for wildlife and their ability to adapt to transformed and fragmented habitats. In the Neotropics, tamarins and marmosets (Primates: Callitrichidae) have established populations in urbanized areas, including the White-footed tamarin in north-western Colombia, where it is prone to metabolic syndrome presumably due to nutritional issues and reduced physical activity. We conducted an exploratory analysis of habitat use and activity budget of a group of the White-footed tamarin established in an isolated forest patch in Medellín, Colombia over a 12-month period. We applied multiple linear regressions to assess 1) the seasonal variation of diet and 2) the role of landscape features on the use of the available habitat. Resting was the most dominant behavior. The diet comprised a range of animal and plant items as well as a smaller proportion of anthropogenic food. The diet diversity showed an inverse relationship with the within-month humidity variation, indicating an adaptation to seasonal changes. The use of available area was associated with tree density and abundance of key plant species that are either consumed or used as part of corridors. Our results suggest that seasonal plasticity and generalist diet habits may be favored in species adapted to urbanized areas, but food oversupply may lead to sedentarism and compromise the health of urban fauna. Strategic planting of key tree species that provide food sources and facilitate dispersal is recommended.
Downloads
References
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49, 227-266. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853974X00534
Alberti, M., Marzluff, J., Hunt & V. M. (2017). Urban driven phenotypic changes: empirical observations and theoretical implications for eco-evolutionary feedback. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1712), 20160029. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0029
Ancillotto, L., Tomassini, A. & Russo, D. (2015). The fancy city life: Kuhl’s pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii, benefits from urbanisation. Wildlife Research, 42, 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR15003
Atwell, J. W., Cardoso, G. C., Whittaker, D. J., Campbell-Nelson, S., Robertson, K. W. & Ketterson, E. D. (2012) Boldness behavior and stress physiology in a novel urban environment suggest rapid correlated evolutionary adaptation. Behavioral Ecology, 23(5), 960–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars059
Ávila, A. M., Soto-Calderón, I. D. & Solari, S. (2021). Guía ilustrada de los mamíferos de la Universidad de Antioquia - Sede principal y sede Robledo. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
Bateman, P. W. & Fleming, P. A. (2012). Big city life: carnivores in urban environments. Journal of Zoology, 287, 1–23. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00887.x
Bustamante-Manrique, S., Botero-Henao, N., Castaño, J. H. & Link, A. (2021). Activity budget, home range and diet of the Colombian night monkey (Aotus lemurinus) in peri-urban forest fragments. Primates, 62, 529–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00895-w
Cárdenas, M. del P. (2011). Especies naturales en la Universidad de Antioquia. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
Castaño, J. H., Carranza, J. A. & Pérez-Torres, J. (2018). Diet and trophic structure in assemblages of montane frugivorous phyllostomid bats. Acta Oecologica, 91, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2018.06.005
CRAN. (2020). CRAN - Package leaps https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/leaps/index.html
Cuartas-Calle, C. A. (2001). Distribución parcial de tití gris (Saguinus leucopus Callitrichidae) en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Neotropical Primates, 9, 107–12.
De Luna, A. G., García-Morera, Y. & Link, A. (2016) Behavior and ecology of the white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus) in a fragmented landscape of Colombia: small bodied primates and seed dispersal in Neotropical forests. Tropical Conservation Science, 9, 788–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291600900214
Dearborn, D. C. & Kark, S. (2010). Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 24, 432–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01328.x
DESA. (2019). Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). United Nations, New York.
Ditchkoff, S. S., Saalfeld, S. T. & Gibson, C. J. (2006). Animal behavior in urban ecosystems: Modifications due to human-induced stress. Urban Ecosystems, 9, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-006-3262-3
Estrada, A., Garber, P. A., Rylands, A. B., Roos, C., Fernandez-Duque, E., Di Fiore, A., Nekaris, K. A. I., Nijman, V., Heymann, E. W., Lambert, J. E., Rovero, F, Barelli, C., Setchell, J. M., Gillespie, T. R., Mittermeier, R.A., Arregoitia, L. V. de Guinea, M., Gouveia, S., Dobrovolski, R., …… & Li, B. (2017). Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter. Science Advances, 3(1), e1600946. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1600946
Faeth, S. H., Bang, C. & Saari, S. (2011). Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1223, 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05925.x
Farias, I. P., Santos, W.G., Gordo, M. & Hrbek, T. (2015). Effects of forest fragmentation on genetic diversity of the critically endangered primate, the pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor): Implications for conservation. Journal of Heredity, 106(S1), 512–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esv048
Gómez Restrepo, M. L. (2018). Fenología reproductiva de especies forestales nativas presentes en la jurisdicción de CORANTIOQUIA, un paso hacia su conservación. Corantioquia. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=CO2019010310
Gómez-Ruiz, C. (2014). Estado poblacional de Saguinus leucopus en el área de influencia del proyecto hidroeléctrico Porce III. Revista Científica en Ciencias Ambientales y Sostenibilidad 1,69–92. https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/CAA/article/view/16194
Gordo, M., Calleia, F. O., Vasconcelos, S. A., Leite, J. J. F. & Ferrari, S. F. (2013). The challenges of survival in a concrete jungle: conservation of the pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) in the urban landscape of Manaus, Brazil. In L. K. Marsh, C. A. Chapman (Ed.), Primates in fragments. (pp 357–370). Springer New York.
Grativol, A., Ballou, J. & Fleischer, R. C. (2001). Microsatellite variation within and among recently fragmented populations of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). Conservation Genetics, 2, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011543401239
Gregoire, A., Faivre, B., Heeb, P. & Cezilly, F. (2002). A comparison of infestation patterns by Ixodes ticks in urban and rural populations of the common blackbird Turdus merula. Ibis, 144, 640–5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00102.x
Günther, A. (1876). 3. Report on some of the additions to the collection of mammalia in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 44, 735–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1876.tb02609.x
Heilig, G. K. (2012). World urbanization prospects: the 2011 revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. United Nations, New York.
Ilham, K., Rizaldi, J. N. & Tsuji, Y. (2017) Status of urban populations of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Primates, 58, 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-016-0588-1
Irwin, M. T., Junge, R. E., Raharison, J. L. & Samonds, K. E. (2010). Variation in physiological health of diademed sifakas across intact and fragmented forest at Tsinjoarivo, eastern Madagascar. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 1013–25. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajp.20847
IUCN. (2021). Oedipomidas leucopus (Silvery-brown Tamarin). https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19819/192550769
Ives, C. D., Lentini, P. E., Threlfall, C. G., Ikin, K., Shanahan, D. F., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Fuller, R. A., Mumaw, L., Rayner, L. Rowe, R., Valentine, L. E. & Kendal, D. (2016). Cities are hotspots for threatened species. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25, 117–26. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/geb.12404
Jaman, M. F. & Huffman, M. A. (2013) The effect of urban and rural habitats and resource type on activity budgets of commensal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh. Primates, 54, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-012-0330-6
Klegarth A. R., Hollocher, H., Jones-Engel, L., Shaw, E., Lee, B. P. Y. H., Feeney, T., Holmes, D., Laguea, D. & Fuentes, A. (2017). Urban primate ranging patterns: GPS-collar deployments for Macaca fascicularis and M. sylvanus. American Journal of Primatology, 79, e22633. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajp.22633
La Sorte, F. A., Aronson, M. F. J., Williams, N. S. G., Celesti-Grapow, L., Cilliers, S., Clarkson, B. D., Dolan, R. W., Hipp, A., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Pyšek, P., Siebert, S. & Winter, M. (2014). Beta diversity of urban floras among European and non-European cities. Global ecology and Biogeography, 23, 769–79. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/geb.12159
Lamoreux, J. F., Morrison, J. C., Ricketts, T. H., Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., McKnight, M. W. & Shugart, H. H. (2006). Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism. Nature, 440, 212–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04291
Leite, G. C., Duarte, M. H. L. & Young, R. J. (2011). Human–marmoset interactions in a city park. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 132, 187–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.03.013
Londoño Zapata, C. F., Ramírez González, G., Arias García, J. C., Posada García, J. A., Sierra Arango, O. R. & Corbacho Ochoa, M. (2006). Avifauna de la Universidad de Antioquia: aves y pájaros de ciudad universitaria. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
Luther, D. A., Phillips, J. & Derryberry, E. P. (2016). Not so sexy in the city: urban birds adjust songs to noise but compromise vocal performance. Behavioral Ecology, 27(1), 332–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv162
McLennan, M. R., Spagnoletti, N. & Hockings, K. J. (2017). The implications of primate behavioral flexibility for sustainable human–primate coexistence in anthropogenic habitats. International Journal of Primatology, 38, 105–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-017-9962-0
Møller, A., Díaz, M., Grim, T., Dvorská, A., Flensted-Jensen, E., Ibáñez-Álamo, J., Jokimäki, J., Mänd, R., Markó, G., Szymański, P. & Tryjanowski, P. (2015). Effects of urbanization on bird phenology: a continental study of paired urban and rural populations. Climate Research, 66, 185–99. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01344
Orme, C. D. L., Davies, R. G., Burgess, M., Eigenbrod, F., Pickup, N., Olson, V. A., Webster, A. J., Ding, T. S., Rasmussen, P. C., Ridgely, R. S., Stattersfield, A. J., Bennett, P. M., Blackburn, T. M., Gaston, K. J. & Owens, I. P. F. (2005). Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat. Nature, 436(7053), 1016–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03850
Patterson, L., Kalle, R. & Downs, C. (2017). A citizen science survey: perceptions and attitudes of urban residents towards vervet monkeys. Urban Ecosystems, 20(3), 617–28. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11252-016-0619-0
Poveda, K. & Sánchez-Palomino, P. (2004). Habitat use by the white-footed tamarin, Saguinus leucopus: A comparison between a forest-dwelling group and an urban group in Mariquita, Colombia. Neotropical Primates, 12, 6–9.
RCoreTeam. (2022). A language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.r-project.org/
Reynolds, C. C., Escobedo, F. J., Clerici, N. & Zea-Camaño, J. (2017). Does “greening” of Neotropical cities considerably mitigate carbon dioxide emissions? the case of Medellin, Colombia. Sustainability, 9, 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050785
Rodrigues, N. N. & Martinez, R. A. (2014). Wildlife in our backyard: interactions between Wied’s marmoset Callithrix kuhlii (Primates: Callithrichidae) and residents of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. Wildlife Biology, 20, 91-96 https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.13057
Rueda-Campiño, L. E., Sánchez-Dueñas, I. M. & Aguirre-Ceballos, J. (2011). Estrategias de Manejo y Conservación del tití gris (Saguinus leucopus) en el área de Influencia del proyecto hidroeléctrico Porce III, Antioquia, Colombia. Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Sabbatini, G., Stammati, M., Tavares, M. C. H., Giuliani, M. V. & Visalberghi, E. (2006). Interactions between humans and capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in the Parque Nacional de Brasília, Brazil. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 97, 272–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.07.002
Saito, C. H., Brasileiro, L., De Almeida L. E. & Tavares, M. C. H. (2010). Conflitos entre macacos-prego e visitantes no Parque Nacional de Brasília: possíveis soluções. Sociedade & Natureza, 22, 515–24. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-45132010000300008
Sánchez-Londoño, J. D., Santamaría, M., Devenish, C., Mendoza, H., Forero, F., Medina, S. & Franco, A. M. (2013). Densidad, uso de hábitat y estado de conservación de una población de Saguinus leucopus en un bosque premontano de Colombia. In T. Defler, P. R. Stevenson, M. L. Bueno, D. C. Guzmán-Caro. (Ed.) Primates Colombianos en Peligro de Extinción (pp. 177–189). Asociación Primatológica Colombiana.
Savage, A., Giraldo, L. H., Sblumer, E., Soto, L. H., Burger, W. & Snowdon, C. T. (1993). Field techniques for monitoring cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) in Colombia. American Journal of Primatology, 31, 189–96. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajp.1350310304
Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B. & Hutyra, L. R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 109, 16083–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.121165810
Soto-Calderón, I. D., Acevedo-Garcés, Y. A., Álvarez-Cardona, J., Hernández-Castro, C. & García-Montoya, G. M. (2016). Physiological and parasitological implications of living in a city: the case of the white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus). American Journal of Primatology, 78, 1272–81. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajp.22581
Sussman, R. W. (1977). Feeding behaviour of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus. In T. H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.), Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behavior in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes (pp 1-36). Academic Press.
Teixeira, B., Hirsch, A., Goulart, V. D. L. R., Passos, L., Teixeira, C.P., James, P. & Young, R. (2015). Good neighbours: distribution of black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment. Wildlife Research, 42, 579-589. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR14148
TuTiempo Network SL. (2017). Clima en Medellín / Olaya Herrera - Históricos el tiempo (801100) https://www.tutiempo.net/clima/ws-801100.html Accessed 20 September 2017
van Schaik, C. P. & Pfannes, K. R. (2005). Tropical climates and phenology: a primate perspective. In D. K. Brockman, C. P. van Shaik (Ed.), Seasonality in Primates: Studies of Living and Extinct Human and Non-Human Primates (pp 23–54). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511542343.003
Venables, W. N. & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer, New York.
Warren, Y. (2009). Crop-raiding Baboons (Papio anubis) and defensive farmers: a west African perspective. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 14(1), 1-11. 10.4314/wajae.v14i1.44705
Werner, C. S. & Nunn, C. L. (2020). Effect of urban habitat use on parasitism in mammals: a meta-analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 287(1927), 20200397. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0397
Yirga, G., Leirs, H., De Iongh, H. H., Asmelash, T., Gebrehiwot, K., Deckers, J. & Bauer, H. (2015). Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) concentrate around urban waste dumps across Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Wildlife Research, 42, 563–9. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR14228
Zorrilla Aguirre, A. M. & Ospina Serna, J. A. (2014). Patrón de actividad, dieta y requerimientos de espacio de tití gris (Saguinus leucopus, Günther, 1877; Primate: Callitrichidae) en los municipios de Anorí y Amalfi (Porce III), Antioquia, Colombia. Editorial Universidad del Quindío
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Actualidades Biológicas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors exclusively authorize the Actualidades Biológicas journal to edit and publish the submitted manuscript if its publication is recommended and accepted, without this representing any cost to the Journal or the University of Antioquia.
All the ideas and opinions contained in the articles are sole responsibility of the authors. The total content of the issues or supplements of the journal is protected under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, so they cannot be used for commercial purposes, but for educational purposes. However, please mention the Actualidades Biológicas journal as a source and send a copy of the publication in which the content was reproduced.
