Efectos de dos tipos de entrenamiento en fuerza sobre la composición corporal, la activación neuromuscular y las variables cinéticas y cinemáticas
Palabras clave:
activación neuromuscular, fuerza máxima en sentadilla, masa muscular, salto vertical, entrenamiento de resistencia, velocidad de desplazamiento de la cargaResumen
El avance en el conocimiento de los aspectos mecánicos, fisiológicos, bioquímicos y neuromusculares subyacentes a los diferentes estímulos del entrenamiento de fuerza ha transformado nuestra comprensión de este paradigma en las últimas décadas. El propósito de este estudio es investigar los efectos de dos tipos de entrenamiento de resistencia (RT, resistance training). Uno se basa en la velocidad de desplazamiento de la carga (VBT, velocity-based training) y el otro se basa en el porcentaje de entrenamiento (PBT, percentage-based training) realizado al 70-80 % 1RM (1 repetition máximum). Se tienen en cuenta la masa muscular (MM, muscle mass), la densidad mineral ósea (BMD, bone mineral density), el componente mineral óseo (BMC, bone mineral component), la activación neuromuscular (EMG, surface electromyograms), fuerza máxima en sentadilla (FSQ, front squat), el salto vertical (VJ, vertical jump), la potencia de pedaleo (PP, paddling power) y la velocidad de desplazamiento sobre 30 m (RV30, running velocity over 30 meters). Treinta y una mujeres se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en los grupos VBT (n=16) o PBT (n=15). Los grupos entrenaron tres veces por semana durante 12 semanas. Antes y después del entrenamiento se determinaron los valores de FSQ, VJ, PP, RV30, BMD, BMC, MM y EMG. El grupo VBT entrenó a una velocidad media propulsiva (VMP, mean propulsive velocity) de 0,68 ± 0,08 m s - 1 y el grupo PBT entrenó al 70-80 % 1RM. El RT produjo aumentos significativos (p<0,05) en los dos grupos en FSQ (VBT 33,79 %, PBT 27,94 %), VJ (VBT 19,11 %, 8,77 % PBT), RV30 (VBT 6,27 %, PBT 1,66 %), PP (VBT 32,2 %, PBT 16,11 %), MM sin grasa (VBT 3,7 %, PBT 2,64 %) BMC (VBT 0,39 %, PBT 0,25 %) y en BMD (VBT 0,76 %, PBT 0,80 %). No se observaron variaciones significativas en la actividad EMG en ninguno de los grupos. Se identificaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos de entrenamiento en BMD, PP, BMC y RV30. En conclusión, el entrenamiento VBT puede proporcionar un estímulo superior para inducir adaptaciones neuromusculares que generan mayores mejoras en salto vertical, velocidad sobre 30 m, potencia de pedaleo, densidad ósea mineral y aumentos similares o incluso mayores en la fuerza máxima en sentadilla, masa muscular y componente óseo mineral que en el entrenamiento basado en porcentaje. Además, el entrenamiento basado en velocidad mostró ligeros aumentos en la actividad de electromiogramas de superficie.
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Derechos de autor 2024 Jairo Alejandro Fernández Ortega, Luz Amelia Hoyos Cuartas, Darío Mendoza Ramírez
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