Efeitos de dois tipos de treinamento de força sobre a composição corporal, a ativação neuromuscular e as variáveis cinéticas e cinemáticas
Palavras-chave:
ativação neuromuscular, força máxima de agachamento, massa muscular, salto vertical, treinamento de resistência, velocidade de deslocamento de cargaResumo
Os avanços no conhecimento dos aspectos mecânicos, fisiológicos, bioquímicos e neuromusculares subjacentes aos diferentes estímulos do treinamento de força transformaram nossa compreensão desse paradigma nas últimas décadas. O objetivo deste estudo é examinar os efeitos de dois tipos de treinamento de resistência (RT, resistance training). Um deles baseia-se na velocidade em que a carga é movimentada (VBT, velocity-based training) e o outro na porcentagem de treinamento (PBT, percentage-based training) realizado entre 70-80 % de 1RM. São levados em conta a massa muscular (MM, muscle mass), a densidade mineral óssea (BMD, bone mineral density), o componente mineral ósseo (BMC, bone mineral component), a ativação neuromuscular (EMG, surface electromyograms), a força máxima de agachamento frontal (FSQ, front squat), o salto vertical (VJ, vertical jump), a potência de remada (PP, paddling power) e a velocidade de corrida em 30 metros (RV30, running velocity over 30 meters). Trinta e uma mulheres foram aleatoriamente designadas para os grupos VBT (n=16) ou PBT (n=15). Os grupos treinaram três vezes por semana ao longo de 12 semanas. Antes e depois do treinamento, foram determinados os valores de FSQ, VJ, PP, RV30, BMD, BMC, MM e EMG. O grupo VBT treinou a uma velocidade propulsiva média (MPV) de 0,68 ± 0,08 m s - 1, enquanto o grupo PBT treinou a 70-80 % de 1RM. O RT produziu aumentos significativos (p<0,05) nos dois grupos em FSQ (VBT 33,79 %, PBT 27,94 %), VJ (VBT 19,11 %, PBT 8,77 %), RV30 (VBT 6,27 %, PBT 1,66 %), PP (VBT 32,2 %, PBT 16,11 %), MM livre de gordura (VBT 3,7 %, PBT 2,64 %), BMC (VBT 0,39 %, PBT 0,25 %) e BMD (VBT 0,76 %, PBT 0,80 %). Não foram observadas variações significativas na atividade EMG em nenhum dos grupos. Por outro lado, foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos de treinamento em BMD, PP, BMC e RV30. Concluindo, o treinamento VBT pode fornecer um estímulo superior para induzir adaptações neuromusculares que geram melhorias significativas no salto vertical, na velocidade acima de 30 m, na potência do pedal, na densidade mineral óssea, e aumentos semelhantes ou até maiores na força máxima do agachamento, na massa muscular e no componente mineral ósseo, em comparação ao treinamento baseado em porcentagem. Além disso, o treinamento baseado em velocidade apresentou leves aumentos na atividade eletromiográfica de superfície.
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