Efecto del uso de biofertilizantes sobre la productividad agrícola
revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.hm.v13n2a05Palavras-chave:
biofertilizantes, consorcio microbiano, productividad agrícolaResumo
Introducción: Los biofertilizantes son productos de origen natural, cuya composición principal son microorganismos que provienen de una matriz ambiental en particular, y que tienen la capacidad de solubilizar o metabolizar diferentes compuestos orgánicos e inorgánicos favoreciendo la disponibilidad y captación de estos en el suelo por parte de las plantas. Además, pueden vivir en simbiosis con una amplia variedad de especies de microorganismos y plantas, por lo que resultan ser productos benéficos que aportan al desarrollo de la agricultura. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el efecto de los biofertilizantes sobre la productividad de cultivos de interés agrícola, a partir de la literatura científica. Materiales y Métodos: Para poder efectuar el presente estudio, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en dos bases de datos diferentes, una especializada que corresponde a Sciencedirect, y una multidisciplinaria como Scopus; con el fin de asegurar una exhaustividad en el estudio se complementa la búsqueda con literatura “gris”. Por último, como modelo de trabajo se utilizó la declaración PRISMA. Resultados: Para este estudio fueron seleccionados 62 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Entre los años 2018, 2019 y 2020 se publicó el 56 % del total de artículos analizados; India y China, lideran el número de artículos publicados en la última década. El uso de cultivos puros y consorcios de una gran variedad de géneros de bacterias, hongos y microalgas que han mostrado rendimientos favorables en diferentes cultivos, y todos ellos utilizan mecanismos de acción diferentes tales como la fijación de nitrógeno, solubilización de fosfato, producción de fitohormonas, sideróforos, quitinasas, glucanasas, antibióticos, cianuro de hidrógeno y amoniaco. Diferentes cultivos como cereales, leguminosas, hortalizas, frutas y plantas medicinales fueron inoculados con biofertilizantes y los efectos de estos sobre la productividad se midieron con diferentes variables debido a la diversidad de cultivos y microorganismos usados. Conclusiones: El aumento en la productividad hace de los biofertilizantes una alternativa prometedora para sustituir el uso de fertilizantes químicos en la agroindustria.
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