Mecanismos que ocasionan pérdidas de agente espumante en medio poroso en condiciones de alta temperatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20200700Palabras clave:
industria petrolera, tecnología química, análisis químico, química orgánicaResumen
Los procesos de inyección vapor-espuma requieren de la selección de un agente surfactante resistente a altas temperaturas, estable durante el tiempo y que reduzca la movilidad del vapor. La revisión del estado del arte permite identificar los principales fenómenos que producen pérdida de tensoactivo. Estos fenómenos son partición de fase, adsorción y degradación térmica, en donde el fenómeno de partición podría llegar a ser el más problemático. La adsorción y partición presentan un comportamiento directamente relacionado con la concentración micelar crítica del surfactante; además de verse afectadas por ciertas condiciones del yacimiento como lo son la temperatura, la salinidad y la presencia de arcillas. Las altas temperaturas podrían reducir la pérdida del tensoactivo en el caso de la adsorción; sin embargo, en la partición aumentaría la preferencia del agente a la fase oleica debido a la reducción de la viscosidad del aceite. Las altas concentraciones de sal podrían aumentar la adsorción, producir una inversión de fase o incluso la precipitación del surfactante. El agente debe estar conformado por una mezcla de componentes que le proporcionen estabilidad. Generalmente, la solución está compuesta principalmente por surfactantes aniónicos. Los surfactantes ampliamente usados son los alquíl aríl sulfonatos y los sulfonatos de alfa olefina, estables hasta 300°C. No obstante, existen componentes que pueden ser añadidos para mejorar su rendimiento, como lo son los surfactantes no iónicos o sustancia reguladoras de pH.
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