El efecto de la interacción Frankia - micorrizas - micronutrientes en el establecimiento de árboles Aliso (Alnus acuminata) en sistemas silvopastoriles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.324025Keywords:
boron, cobalt, molibdenum, fixing of N2, actinorrhizal plants, symbiosisAbstract
Resumen
Frankia es un género de microorganismos llamados actinomicetos capaces de inducir la formación de nódulos radiculares fijadores de nitrógeno atmosférico en algunas angiospermas no leguminosas, denominadas plantas actinorrízicas. El desarrollo de fijación de Nitrógeno (N) simbiótico envuelve múltiples procesos que se llevan a cabo en compartimentos subcelulares endosimbióticos donde Frankia produce los nódulos de la raíz que convierten el N2 en forma combinada. La simbiosis micorriza y nódulo es generalmente sinérgica, promueve el crecimiento vegetal, la multiplicación de las micorrizas propicia un ambiente de mayor competencia, no favorable para los agentes patógenos. A lo anterior se debe sumar la participación de microelementos como el molibdeno(Mo), el cual es constituyente de la nitrogenasa y cuya deficiencia en el medio causa un efecto directo y negativo en la fijación del N; con el boro(B,) donde su deficiencia produce una desestabilización de la cubierta protectora contra el oxígeno, afectando considerablemente la nodulación de la planta y con el cobalto(Co), forman un componente estructural de la coenzima de la vitamina B12 en el proceso de fijación de N. Sin embargo, muchos aspectos relacionados de estos microelementos en la interrelación y de la simbiosis micorriza y Frankia se desconocen. Por lo anterior, es importante determinar sus efectos sobre los microorganismos del suelo y el desarrollo de los nódulos; para interpretar una óptima manifestación, sin embargo su complejidad hace que su efecto no sea predecible bajo todas las condiciones ni para todas las especies. Por lo tanto, es importante incentivar la investigación al respecto, así como profundizar en el conocimiento de sus principios de funcionamiento, interacciones y mostrar los resultados encontrados en su uso en ·árboles promisiorios para sistemas silvopastoriles trópico alto como el aliso (Alnus acuminata), especie forestal útil en la solución de problemas de degradación de suelos y deforestación.
Summary
Frankia is a genus of microorganisms called actinomycetes able to induce the formation of radicular nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen in some non-legumes angiosperms, denominated actinorrhizal plants. The development of symbiotic fixing of N envolves multiple processes that are carried out in endosimbiotic subcellular compartments in which Frankia produces the nodules of the root which turn the N2 in combined form. The mycorrhizal symbiosis and the nodules are generally synergistic. They promote the vegetal growth, the multiplication of mycorrhizae producing a more competitive atmosphere for the pathogens. It is important to consider the participation of micronutrients like molibdenum, which is a component of the nitrogenase, since its deficiency in the medium causes a direct and negative effect in the fixing of the N2. The boron deficiency produces a destabilization of the protecting cover against oxygen, which considerably affects the nodulation of the plant. Cobalt is a structural component of the coenzyme of the B12 vitamin in the process of the fixing of the N. Nevertheless, many aspects related to these micronutrients in the interactions and the mycorrhizal-Frankia symbiosis is unknown. It is important to determine the effects on the microorganisms and the development of the nodules; for determining an optimum development, however its complexity makes its effect to be unpredictable under all conditions and for all species. Therefore, it is important to stimulate the investigation on the matter, as well as to research on more information on the principles of the functioning, interactions, and show results found on the use of promissory trees for tree grass systems in high tropic as the Aliso (Alnus acuminata), a forestal species useful for solving the degradation problems of the soil and deforestation.
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