Aptitud física y valoración funcional en futbolistas: revisión de la literatura
Palabras clave:
futbolistas, pruebas de evaluación, aptitud física, condición física, forma deportivaResumen
Problema: el fútbol, se caracteriza por ser un deporte de demandas fisiológicas elevadas que exige a los deportistas estar en su máximo nivel físico. Para esto, la realización de valoraciones de aptitud física por parte del equipo médico y de preparación física son esenciales, debido a que permiten la identificación de alteraciones musculares y biomecánicas en los deportistas. Además, son base para desarrollar programas de entrenamiento y de prevención individualizados, orientados a disminuir la tasa de incidencia de lesiones, y mejorar las cualidades físicas y el desempeño de los deportistas. Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre las pruebas de evaluación utilizados para evaluar la aptitud física en futbolistas. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura, donde se tuvieron en cuenta los criterios de inclusión: literatura entre los años 2000-2018; contener los términos MeSH: athlete, soccer, fitness, assessment; idiomas: español, inglés o portugués; estudios tipo: ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, metaanálisis, casos y controles, estudios de cohorte, revisiones sistemáticas, y revisiones de literatura. Resultados: se determinó que existen test de evaluación específicos para cualidades físicas como capacidad aeróbica y resistencia, salto, fuerza, rango de movimiento y flexibilidad, coordinación, balance, equilibrio, velocidad, agilidad y core en futbolistas. Conclusión: existen diferentes pruebas para evaluar las cualidades físicas de un futbolista, que permiten identificar alteraciones musculares, articulares, biomecánicas y propioceptivas que pueden afectar el estado físico y el desempeño del deportista. La aplicación de pruebas de evaluación son la base para elaborar programas de entrenamiento individualizados con el fin de mejorar las cualidades físicas, disminuir lesiones musculares y recuperar la forma deportiva de los jugadores, así como generar datos estadísticos para la creación de protocolos de entrenamiento físico y prevención de lesiones específicos en futbolistas colombianos.
Descargas
Citas
Aandstad, A., & Simon, E. (2013). Reliability and validity of the soccer specific INTER field test. Sports Sciences, 31(13), 1383-1392.
Amiri, M., & Sotoodeh, V. (2013). The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fitness performances in soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 53(5), 559-565.
Appelbaum, L., & Erickson, G. (2016). Sports vision training: a review of the state-of-the-art in digital training techniques. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 160-189.
Arliani, G., Almeida, G., Dos Santos, C., Venturini, A., Astur, C., & Cohen, M. (2013). The effects of exertion on the postural stability in young soccer players. Acta Ortopédica Brasileira, 21(3), 155-158.
Ayala, F., Sainz, P., De Ste, M., & Santonja, F. (2012a). Absolute reliability of five clinical tests for assessing hamstring flexibility in professional futsal players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(2), 142-147.
Ayala, F., Sainz, P., De Ste, M., & Santonja, F. (2012b). Reproducibility and criterion-related validity of the sit and reach test and toe touch test for estimating hamstring flexibility in recreationally active young adults. Physical Therapy in Sport, 13(4), 219-226.
Aziz, A., Mukherjee, S., Chia, M., & Teh, K. (2008). Validity of the running repeated sprint ability test among playing positions and level of competitiveness in trained soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(10), 833-838.
Aziz, A., Tan, F., & Teh, K. (2005). A pilot study comparing two field tests with the treadmill run test in soccer players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 4(2), 105-112.
Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F., & Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: a useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sports. Sports Medicie, 38(1), 37-51.
BenOunis, O., BenAbderrahman, A., Karim Chamari, A., BenBrahim, M., Hammouda, A., Hammami, M., & Zouhal, H. (2013). Association of short-passing ability with athletic performances in youth soccer players. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(1), 41-48.
Benvenuti, C., Minganti, C., Condello, G., Capranica, L., & Tessitore, A. (2010). Agility assessment in female futsal and soccer players. Medicina, 46(6), 415-420.
Biec, E., & Kuczynski, M. (2010). Postural control in 13-year-old soccer players. Eurropean Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(4), 703-708.
Binkley, H., Sayers, A., & Sayers, B. (2008). Preseason fitness testing in National Collegiate Athletic Association Soccer. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 30(2), 70-75.
Bullock, W., Panchuk, D., Broatch, J., Christian, R., & Stepto, N. (2012). An integrative test of agility, speed and skill in soccer: effects of exercise. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(5), 431-436.
Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F., Chamari, K., Carlomagno, D., & Rampinini, E. (2006). Aerobic fitness and yo-yo continuous and intermittent tests performances in soccer players: a correlation study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 320-325.
Castellote, Y., Valenza, M., Martin, L., Cabrera, I., Puentedura, E., & Fernández, C. (2013). Effects of a neurodynamic sliding technique on hamstring flexibility in healthy male soccer players. A pilot study. Physical Therapy in Sport, 14(3), 156-162.
Centeno, R., López, C., & Naranjo, J. (2015). Jump percentile: a proposal for evaluation of high level sportsmen. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(5), 464-470.
Chamari, K., Chaouachi, A., Hambli, M., Kaouech, F., Wisloff, U., & Castagna, C. (2008). The five-jump test for distance as a field test to assess lower limb explosive power in soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 944-950.
Chamari, K., Hachana, Y., Kaouech, F., Jeddi, R., Moussa, I., & Wisloff, U. (2005). Endurance training and testing with the ball in young elite soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(1), 24-28.
Chamari, K., Moussa, I., Boussaidi, L., Hachana, Y., Kaouech, F., & Wisloff, U. (2005). Appropriate interpretation of aerobic capacity: allometric scaling in adult and young soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 97-101.
Cormie, P., McBride, J., & McCaulley, G. (2009). Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve analysis of the countermovement jump: impact of training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 177-186.
Da Silva, C., Bloomfield, J., & Marins, J. (2008). A review of stature, body mass and maximal oxygen uptake profiles of u17, u20 and first division players in Brazilian soccer. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 7(3), 309-319.
de Salles, P., Vasconcellos, F., de Salles, G., Fonseca, R., & Dantas, E. (2012). Validity and reproducibility of the Sargent jump test in the assessment of explosive strength in soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 115-121.
Di Paco, A., Catapano, G., Vagheggini, G., Mazzoleni, S., Micheli, M., & Ambrosino, N. (2014). Ventilatory response to exercise of elite soccer players. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 9(1), 20.
Fieseler, G., Molitor, T., Irlenbusch, L., Delank, K., Laudner, K., Hermassi, S., & Schwesig, R. (2015). Intrarater reliability of goniometry and hand-held dynamometry for shoulder and elbow examinations in female team handball athletes and asymptomatic volunteers. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 135(12), 1719-1726.
Garcia, F., Ruiz, A., Moreno, R., & Latorre, P. (2015). Impact of limited hamstring flexibility on vertical jump, kicking speed, sprint, and agility in young football players. Journal of Sports Science, 33(12), 1293-1297.
Grygorowicz, M., Piontek, T., & Dudzinski, W. (2013). Evaluation of functional limitations in female soccer players and their relationship with sports level--a cross sectional study. PLoS One, 8(6), e66871.
Gstottner, M., Neher, A., Scholtz, A., Millonig, M., Lembert, S., & Raschner, C. (2009). Balance ability and muscle response of the preferred and nonpreferred leg in soccer players. Motor Control, 13(2), 218-231.
Harrison, A., Ford, K., Myer, G., & Hewett, T. (2011). Sex differences in force attenuation: a clinical assessment of single-leg hop performance on a portable force plate. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(3), 198-202.
Heyward, V. (2006). Evaluación y prescripción del ejercicio. España: Editorial Paidotribo.
Hoff, J., Wisloff, U., Engen, L., Kemi, O., & Helgerud, J. (2002). Soccer specific aerobic endurance training. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(3), 218-221.
Hrysomallis, C. (2011). Balance ability and athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 41(3), 221- 232.
Hulse, M., Morris, J., Hawkins, R., Hodson, A., Nevill, A., & Nevill, M. (2013). A field-test battery for elite, young soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(4), 302-311.
Jandacka, D., & Uchytil, J. (2011). Optimal load maximizes the mean mechanical power output during upper extremity exercise in highly trained soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2764-2772.
Jullien, H., Bisch, C., Largouet, N., Manouvrier, C., Carling, C., & Amiard, V. (2008). Does a short period of lower limb strength training improve performance in field-based tests of running and agility in young professional soccer players? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2), 404-411.
Knoop, M., Fernandez, J., & Ferrauti, A. (2013). Evaluation of a specific reaction and action speed test for the soccer goalkeeper. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(8), 2141-2148.
Koklu, Y., Arslan, Y., Alemdaroglu, U., & Duffield, R. (2015). Accuracy and reliability of SPI ProX global positioning system devices for measuring movement demands of team sports. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(5), 471-477.
Kutlu, M., Yapıcı, H., Yoncalık, O., & Çelik, S. (2012). Comparison of a new test for agility and skill in soccer with other agility tests. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 143-150.
Loturco, I., Nakamura, F., Kobal, R., Gil, S., Abad, C., Cuniyochi, R., ... Roschel, H. (2015). Training for Power and speed: effects of increasing or decreasing jump squat velocity in elite young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2771- 2779.
Loturco, I., Pereira, L., Kobal, R., Zanetti, V., Gil, S., Kitamura, K., ... Nakamura, F. (2015). Halfsquat or jump squat training under optimum power load conditions to counteract power and speed decrements in Brazilian elite soccer players during the preseason. Journal of Sports Science, 33(12), 1283-1292.
McBride, J., McCaulley, G., & Cormie, P. (2008). Influence of preactivity and eccentric muscle activity on concentric performance during vertical jumping. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 750-757.
Metaxas, T., Koutlianos, N., Kouidi, E., & Deligiannis, A. (2005). Comparative study of field and laboratory tests for the evaluation of aerobic capacity in soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19,(1), 79-84.
Meylan, C., Nosaka, K., Green, J., & Cronin, J. (2011). The effect of three different start thresholds on the kinematics and kinetics of a countermovement jump. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(4), 1164-1167.
Peña, G., Elvar, H., Ramón, J., Moral, S., Isidro, F., & Mata, F. (2012). Revisión de los métodos de valoración de la estabilidad central (Core). PubliCE Standard.
Rahnama, N., Lees, A., & Bambaecichi, E. (2005). Comparison of muscle strength and flexibility between the preferred and non-preferred leg in English soccer players. Ergonomics, 48(11-14), 1568-1575.
Santos, T., Andrade, J., Silva, B., Garcia, A., Persichini, J., Ocarino, M., & Silva, P. (2014). Active control stabilization of pelvic position in the transverse plane: an evaluation of soccer players' performance. Physical Therapy in Sport, 15(3), 189-193.
Signorelli, G., Perim, R., Santos, T., & Araujo, C. (2012). A pre-season comparison of aerobic fitness and flexibility of younger and older professional soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(11), 867-872.
Singla, D., & Veqar, Z. (2014). Methods of postural assessment used for sports persons. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(4), Le01-04.
Sporis, G., Jukic, I., Milanovic, L., & Vucetic, V. (2010). Reliability and factorial validity of agility tests for soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(3), 679-686.
Sporis, G., Vucetic, V., Jovanovic, M., Jukic, I., & Omrcen, D. (2011). Reliability and factorial validity of flexibility tests for team sports. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(4), 1168-1176.
Teixeira, L., de Oliveira, D., Romano, R., & Correa, S. (2011). Leg preference and interlateral asymmetry of balance stability in soccer players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(1), 21-27.
Ziv, G., & Lidor, R. (2011). Physical characteristics, physiological attributes, and on-field performances of soccer goalkeepers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 6(4), 509-524.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
Licencia Creative Commons
VIREF Revista de Educación Física se encuentra bajo Licencia Creative Commons: Atribución No Comercial Compartir Igual
