A cheating prevention EVC scheme using watermarking techniques
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.12484Keywords:
extended visual cryptography , cheating prevention, watermarking, visual cryptographyAbstract
Visual Cryptography (VC), proposed by Naor and Shamir in 1994, is a variation of the conventional secret sharing scheme. In VC, instead of a numerical secret key, a secret image is shared among participants in the form of images called shares. Each participant possesses his own share which cannot reveal the secret image being alone, making it necessary to stack more than one share of a qualified participant in order to reveal the secret image. Thus in VC the stacking of shares is equivalent to the decryption process, where neither extra computations nor previous knowledge are required to reveal the secret image. Until now some important VC schemes, such as the (k,n)-VC scheme, the general access structure for VC and the extended VC (EVC), have been proposed. Unfortunately all schemes can be cheated, if one or more participants try to generate their fake shares to force the revealed secret image to be a faked one. In this paper, we propose a cheating prevention VC scheme, in which the shares can be identified and authenticated using the EVC scheme and watermarking techniques. In the proposed VC scheme, the share of each participant can be identified by its meaningful appearance instead of noise-like image used in the conventional VC scheme. For the purpose of authentication of each share two binary watermark images are encrypted using shift operation. Before the secret image is revealed, the validation of the shares must be carried out, extracting two watermark images. If they can be extracted correctly, the revealed secret image is considered as authentic; otherwise it is determined as a faked one. The simulation results show the desirable performance of the proposed EVC scheme.
Downloads
References
M. Naor, A. Shamir. Visual cryptography. Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT’ 94. Ed. Springer-Verlag. 1994. pp. 1-12.
A. Shamir. “How to Share a Secret”. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 22. 1979. pp. 612-613.
G. Ateniese, C. Blundo, A. De Santis, D. Stinson. “Visual Cryptography for General Access Structures”. Int. J. of Computing. Vol. 129. 1996. pp. 86-106.
G. Ateniese, C. Blundo, A. De Santis, D. Stinson. “Extended Scheme for Visual Cryptography”. Theoretical Computer Science. Vol. 11. 1997. pp. 179- 196.
S. Droste. New Results on Visual Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Advances in Cryptology. Ed. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. 1996. pp. 401-415.
C. Hegde, S. Manus, P. Shenoy, K. Vengopal, L. M. Patnaki. Secure Authentication using Image Processing and Visual Cryptography for Banking Applications. 16th Int. Conf. on Advanced Comp. and Comm. Chennai, India. 2008. pp. 65-72.
Y. Rao, Y. Sukonkina, C. Bhagwati, U. Singh. Fingerprint based authentication application using visual cryptography methods (Improved ID Card). 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conf. Hyderabad, India. 2008. pp. 1-5.
G. Horng, T. Chen, D-S Tsai. “Cheating in Visual Cryptography”. Designs, Codes and Cryptography. Vol. 38. 2006. pp. 219-236.
C-M Hu, W-G Tzeng. “Cheating Prevention in Visual Cryptography”. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. Vol. 16. 2007. pp. 36-43.
H. Luo, J. Pan, Z. Lu, B. Liao. Watermarking based Transparency Authentication in Visual Cryptography. 3rd Int. Conf. on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing. Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 2007. pp. 303-306.
M. Mese, P. Vaidyanathan. “Recent Advances in Digital Halftoning and Inverse Halftoning Methods”. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems-I. Vol. 49. 2002. pp. 790-805.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
The material published in the journal can be distributed, copied and exhibited by third parties if the respective credits are given to the journal. No commercial benefit can be obtained and derivative works must be under the same license terms as the original work.
