Actividades previas y de respuesta a desastres: conclusiones de análisis documental y opiniones de expertos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20240833Palabras clave:
Gestión de desastres, fases de desastres, catástrofes, gestión de operaciones, estrategias de riesgosResumen
Emergencias, desastres y catástrofes son problemas que requieren de la atención tanto de las comunidades y los gobiernos para prevenir y mitigar sus impactos. La gestión de desastres es un campo de investigación y aplicación práctica que estudia actividades que comprenden tres áreas principales: pre-desastre (preparación y mitigación), respuesta y recuperación. La fase de pre-desastre incluye esfuerzos como evaluación de riesgos y preparación ante emergencias, mientras que la frase de respuesta incluye actividades como entrega de ayudas. En este artículo, los autores analizan cómo las actividades previas al desastre y de respuesta tienen diferentes impactos en la sociedad cuando se enfrentan a distintas catástrofes. Para ello, se realizó una revisión de artículos científicos y reportes oficiales para construir un análisis documental centrado en las operaciones previas al desastre y de respuesta en los siguientes tipos de catástrofes: accidentes de plantas nucleares, erupciones volcánicas, huracanes y deslizamientos de tierra alrededor del mundo. Posteriormente, se presentan los resultados de una encuesta hecha a expertos para comparar los hallazgos con el análisis documental. Los resultados muestran que las actividades de mitigación y preparación realizadas adecuadamente tienen un impacto más significativo que las actividades de respuesta. Sin embargo, ambos tipos de actividades son esenciales y deben ser realizadas para enfrentar catástrofes. En consecuencia, los planeadores de operaciones en logística humanitaria deben concentrar esfuerzos en establecer estrategias de pre-desastre efectivas especialmente en áreas vulnerables.
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