Situational status of antibiotic resistance of E. coli in the Escalerilla WWTP, Arequipa, Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20241252Keywords:
E. coli, AMR, Antimicrobial Resistance, Resistance Profile, WWTPAbstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, a notable increase in self-medication with antibiotics has been observed, raising concerns about the increase in bacterial resistance. In this context, we evaluated the situation in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using biochemical methods and sensitivity tests, such as the Kirby-Bauer assay. The results of our study show a high sensitivity to antibiotics in most of the strains analyzed, particularly towards β-lactams. However, this sensitivity appears to be influenced by seasonal patterns of medication consumption, supported by studies indicating that its contribution to the total flow is minimal. We analyzed 49 strains of Escherichia coli, 27% of which showed no resistance to any antibiotic, while the highest resistance was observed against tetracycline (63%). High levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, were also recorded. In contrast, amikacin and piperacillin-tazobactam showed minimal resistance, with only one strain resistant to each. Multiresistance, defined as resistance to at least two antibiotics, was identified in 35% of the strains, with two of them showing resistance to 8 and 10 antibiotics, respectively.
Downloads
References
T. U. Berendonk, C. M. Manaia, C. Merlin, D. Fatta-Kassinos, E. Cytryn, F. Walsh, and et al., “Tackling antibiotic resistance: The environmental framework,” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 13, no. 5, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3439
E. Pocurull, R. M. Marcé, I. González-Mariño, R. Rodil, R. Montes, and et al., “Wastewater-based epidemiology: present and future in spain,” Revista Español de Drogodependencias, vol. 45, no. 2, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://red.aesed.com/upload/files/v45n2_7_aguas-residuales.pdf
I. Verburg, S. García-Cobos, L. H. Leal, K. Waar, A. W. Friedrich, and H. Schmitt, “Abundance and antimicrobial resistance of three bacterial species along a complete wastewater pathway,” Microorganisms, vol. 7, no. 9, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090312
M. Mueses, “Las tecnologías de tratamiento de aguas un atractivo de la investigación en ingeniería,” Revista Ing-Nova, vol. 1, no. 2, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.32997/rin-2022-3998
E. Gullberg, L. M. Albrecht, C. Karlsson, L. Sandegren, and D. I. Andersson, “Selection of a multidrug resistance plasmid by sublethal levels of antibiotics and heavy metals,” mBio, vol. 5, no. 5, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01918-14
K. L. Schwartz and S. K. Morris, “Travel and the spread of drug-resistant bacteria,” Current Infectious Disease Reports, vol. 20, no. 9, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-018-0634-9
J. O’Neill. (2016) Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations the review on antimicrobial resistance chaired by jim o’neill. [Online]. Available: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf
P. Amador, R. Fernandes, C. Prudêncio, and I. Duarte, “Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae on portuguese livestock manure,” Antibiotics, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010023
H. Bürgmann, D. Frigon, W. H. Gaze, C. M. Manaia, A. Pruden, and et al., “Water and sanitation: An essential battlefront in the war on antimicrobial resistance,” FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 94, no. 9, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy101
P. Dey, D. Parai, S. T. Hossain, and S. K. Mukherjee, “The aftermath of corona virus disease on antimicrobial resistance across low and middle-income countries,” Universitas Scientiarum, vol. 28, no. 2, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.SC282.taoc
MINAM, “Aprueban estándares de calidad ambiental (eca) para agua y establecen disposiciones complementarias,” Perú, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://tinyurl.com/2e36e4r4
World Health Organization, “Global tricycle surveillance,” WHO, Tech. Rep., March 2023. [Online]. Available: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/340079/9789240021402-eng.pdf?sequence=1
Construcción De Emisor Y Sistema De Tratamiento De Aguas Residuales Del Sector Denominado Cono Norte De Arequipa Metropolitana, 1st ed., Acciona Agua, Arequipa Metropolitana, 1985.
Quality control of microbiological transport systems: approved standard M40-A, 23rd ed., NCCLS, Wayne, Penssylvania, 2003. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.ansi.org/preview-pages/CLSI/preview_M40-A.pdf
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd ed., American Public Health Association and American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://standards.globalspec.com/std/10162370/standard-methods
A. M. Hammad, A. Eltahan, H. A. Hassan, N. H. Abbas, H. Hussien, and T. Shimamoto, “Loads of coliforms and fecal coliforms and characterization of thermotolerant escherichia coli in fresh raw milk cheese,” Foods, vol. 11, no. 3, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030332
Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 32nd ed., Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.standards-global.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/preview/2247002
P. J. Navarrete-Mejía, J. C. Velasco-Guerrero, and L. Loro-Chero, “Automedicación en época de pandemia: Covid-19,” Revista del Cuerpo Medico Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo, vol. 13, no. 4, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2020.134.762
J. B. Pari-Olarte, P. A. cuba García, J. S. Almeida-Galindo, N. E. Aliaga-Guillén, C. G. Solano-García, and et al., “Factores asociados con la automedicación no responsable en el perú,” Rev. Cuerpo Med. HNAAA, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan-March 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2021.141.867
S. G. Rizvi and S. Z. Ahammad, “Covid-19 and antimicrobial resistance: A cross-study,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 807, Feb. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150873
Z. Rahman, W. Liu, L. Stapleton, N. Kenters, D. A. P. Rasmika-Dewi, and et al., “Wastewater-based monitoring reveals geospatial-temporal trends for antibiotic-resistant pathogens in a large urban community,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 325, May 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121403
I. Bueno, A. Beaudoin, W. A. Arnold, T. Kim, L. E. Frankson, and et al., “Quantifying and predicting antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in waterbodies through a holistic approach: a study in minnesota, united states,” Sci Rep, vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98300-5
M. Haenni, C. Daout, O. Chesneau, D. Bibbal, J. Labanowski, and et al., “Environmental contamination in a high-income country (france) by antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes: Status and possible causes,” Environment International, vol. 159, Jan. 15, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107047
D. Calderón-Franco, R. Sarelse, S. Christou, M. Pronk, M. C. M. V. Loosdrecht, and et al., “Metagenomic profiling and transfer dynamics of antibiotic resistance determinants in a full-scale granular sludge wastewater treatment plant,” Water Res, vol. 219, Jul. 01, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118571
Y. Javvadi and S. V. Mohan, “Understanding the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in an urban community using wastewater-based epidemiological approach,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 868, Apr. 10, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161419
O. Tenaillon, J. E. Barrick, N. Ribeck, D. E. Deatherage, J. L. Blanchard, and et al., “Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment,” Nature, vol. 536, no. 7615, Aug. 11, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18959
D. O. Perewari, K. Otokunefor, and O. E. Agbagwa, “Tetracycline-resistant genes in Escherichia coli from clinical and nonclinical sources in Rivers State, Nigeria,” International Journal of Microbiology, vol. 2022, Jul. 09, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9192424
R. Pallares-Vega, H. Blaak, R. V. der Plaats, A. M. de Roda-Husman, and L. Hernández-Leal, “Determinants of presence and removal of antibiotic resistance genes during WWTP treatment: A cross-sectional study,” Water Research, vol. 161, Sep. 15, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.100
E. C. Machado, D. Leory-Freitas, C. Dutra-Leal, A. T. de Oliveira, and A. Zerbini, “Antibiotic resistance profile of wastewater treatment plants in Brazil reveals different patterns of resistance and multiresistant bacteria in final effluents,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 857, Jan. 20, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159376
M. A. El-Lathy, G. E. El-Taweel, W. M. El-Sonosy, F. A. Samhan, and T. A. A. Moussa, “Determination of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater using conventional and PCR techniques,” Environmental Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 2, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/363166.pdf
E. Yergeau, L. Masson, M. Elias, S. Xiang, and E. Madey, “Comparison of methods to identify pathogens and associated virulence functional genes in biosolids from two different wastewater treatment facilities in Canada,” PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 4, Apr. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153554
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
The material published in the journal can be distributed, copied and exhibited by third parties if the respective credits are given to the journal. No commercial benefit can be obtained and derivative works must be under the same license terms as the original work.
Twitter