Inmunorregulación inducida por helmintos: una actualización
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.v29n2a07Palabras clave:
ascaris lumbricoides, helmintiasi, inmunomodulación, inmunosupresiónResumen
Las helmintiasis, que han desaparecido o disminuido en las regiones más desarrolladas del mundo, producen cambios notables en el sistema inmunológico, y usualmente, cuando son crónicas o intensas, causan inmunosupresión. Aunque deterioran la salud, también parecen proteger del desarrollo de enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas al proveer estímulos inmunorreguladores. Promueven el desarrollo de linfocitos B o T reguladores que inhiben la proliferación de clones autorreactivos o específicos de alérgeno. Cada vez se conoce más la modulación de la respuesta innata por parásitos; se destaca que además de aumentar en número células claves en la defensa contra estos, también pueden usarlas como blanco de evasión. Algunas poblaciones importantes en la defensa contra bacterias y otros patógenos también responden a los helmintos, pero sufren una programación genética diferente a las formas asociadas a la respuesta tipo 1. Paralelamente a la inmunosupresión, las helmintiasis inducen una respuesta tipo 2. Por esto, es preocupante lo que sucede en algunas poblaciones en donde se controlan parcialmente estas parasitosis y predominan los ciclos de infestación ligera/reinfección. En estos contextos, algunos helmintos, como Ascaris lumbricoides, parecen promover el desarrollo de alergias; esta es la helmintiasis más común en el planeta, pero de la que menos se sabe sobre su capacidad inmunorreguladora.
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