Fisiopatología y características clínicas de las neuropatías en pacientes con COVID-19: una revisión narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.293Palabras clave:
COVID-19, Manifestaciones Neurológicas, Patología clínica, Polineuropatía, SARS-CoV-2Resumen
Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 posee capacidades neurotrópicas y neuroinvasivas que pueden generar manifestaciones neurológicas; sin embargo, la identificación de pacientes con manifestaciones en sistema nervioso periférico puede pasar desapercibida.
Objetivos: describir la fisiopatología y las características clínicas de las neuropatías en pacientes con COVID-19.
Metodología: la información utilizada en esta revisión fue recolectada de cuatro bases bibliográficas: PubMed, Clinical Key, Scielo y Scopus. Se incluyeron artículos en español e inglés publicados entre enero 2019 y enero 2022. Se analizaron estudios transversales, de cohorte y reportes de caso.
Resultados: existen mecanismos que explican la capacidad neuroinvasiva del SARS-CoV2 como infección directa, transporte axonal subyacente y transporte hematógeno por la barrera hematoencefálica. Lo anterior puede generar diferentes neuropatías, siendo los síntomas más frecuentes la anosmia y la ageusia. Otras manifestaciones han sido reportadas como polineuropatía sensitivo-motora, neuropatía del nervio facial, neuropatías motoras oculares, neuropatía craneal inferior, neuropatías craneales múltiples y amiotrofia neurálgica; las cuales pueden estar o no directamente asociadas con el virus.
Conclusiones: las neuropatías en pacientes con COVID-19 impactan de manera importante el pronóstico funcional posterior a la infección. El reconocimiento temprano de las manifestaciones neurológicas favorece la realización de terapias de rehabilitación que mejoran la calidad de vida del paciente.
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