Reflexiones acerca de las cambiantes narrativas sobre las vacunas contra la COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e349338Palabras clave:
conflicto de intereses, farmacéuticas, medios de comunicación, mercadotecnia, vacunas contra la covid-19Resumen
Nos propusimos discernir en qué medida las estrategias mediáticas adoptadas en torno a las vacunas contra la covid-19, a lo largo de los primeros 15 meses desde el comienzo de su aplicación, pueden considerarse aportes legítimos y coherentes para comprender mejor su desempeño, y en qué grado las narrativas elaboradas pudieran responder a intereses económicos de las élites corporativas. Una vez recopilados los elementos más relevantes con que se configuran las narrativas predominantes desde el momento en que se concibieron las vacunas, se identificaron diversas anomalías que resultaron, en mayor o menor medida, invisibilizadas en el proceso de su aprobación y de los resultados de su aplicación. Las más significativas conciernen al manejo de las definiciones, los incumplimientos de compromisos y los conflictos de interés que comprometen la actuación de las empresas comercializadoras y los entes reguladores de las vacunas. Numerosos elementos relacionados con los intereses corporativos han gravitado en la elaboración del relato sobre las vacunas. Entre los que reclaman resignificación se hallan: su capacidad preventiva real de contagios, evoluciones graves y muertes, su eficacia ante nuevas variantes, la duración de la inmunidad que confieren, sus efectos adversos, el papel sinérgico de la inmunidad adquirida y los recursos empleados por las empresas para conseguir un predominio virtualmente monopólico en el mercado
Descargas
Citas
Baicus A. History of polio vaccination. World J. Virol. 2012;1(4):108-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.108
Angell M. The Truth about the drug companies: How they deceive us and what to do about it. New York: Random House; 2004.
Gotzsche PC. Medicamentos que matan y crimen organizado: Cómo las grandes farmacéuticas han corrompido el sistema de salud. Barcelona: Los libros del lince; 2014.
Rujevic N. No todos los críticos del coronavirus son teóricos de la conspiración. Deutsche Welle [internet]. 2021, 30 de diciembre [citado 2022 jul. 10]. Disponible en: https://www.dw.com/es/no-todos-los-cr%C3%ADticos-del-coronavirus-son-te%C3%B3ricos-de-la-conspiraci%C3%B3n/a-53462003
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Datos sobre vacunas de la FDA [internet]. s. f. [citado 2021 may. 17]. Disponible en: https://www.FDA.gov/media/144116/download
Greenwood M, Yule GU. The statistics of anti-typhoid and anti-cholera inoculations, and the interpretation of such statistics in general. Proc R Soc Med. [internet]. 1915 [citado 2022 jul. 5]; 8:113-94. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2004181/
Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, et al. Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Bull World Health Organ [internet]. 1985 [citado 2022 jul. 5]; 63(6):1055-68. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536484/
Katella K. Comparing the COVID-19 vaccines: How are they different? Yale Medicine [internet]; 2021 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2603-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
Doshi, P. Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren’t designed to tell us. BMJ. 2020;371:m4037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4037
Pronker, ES, Weenen TC, Commandeur H, et al. Risk in vaccine research and development quantified. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057755
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Immunization, vaccines and biologicals [internet] s. f. [citado 2022 abr. 4]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases
Desrosiers RC. HIV/AIDS vaccine: Why don’t we have one after 37 years, when we have several for COVID-19 after a few months? The Conversation [internet]. 2021 may. 17 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://theconversation.com/hiv-aids-vaccine-why-dont-we-have-one-after-37-years-when-we-have-several-for-covid-19-after-a-few-months-160690
Kormann C. Art. How long will it take to develop a coronavirus vaccine? The New Yorker [internet] 2020 mar. 8 [citado 2020 mar. 8]. Disponible en: https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-long-will-it-take-to-develop-a-coronavirus-vaccine
Kmietowicz Z. Evidence is insufficient to back mandatory NHS staff vaccination, says House of Lords committee. BMJ; 2021; 375:n2957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2957
Bostock B. Fauci said it will take 12 to 18 months to get a coronavirus vaccine in the US. Experts say a quick approval could be risky. Business Insider [internet] 2020 abr. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-vaccine-quest-18-months-fauci-experts-flag-dangers-testing-2020-4
Kuznia, R. The timetable for a coronavirus vaccine is 18 months. Experts say that’s risky. CNN [internet] 2020 abr. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/31/us/coronavirus-vaccine-timetable-concerns-experts-invs/index.html
Ciencia y salud natural. A. Fauci reconoce que una inyección de ARNm necesita una década de estudios para ser segura. Ciencia y Salud Natural [internet] 2021 oct. 6 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://cienciaysaludnatural.com/fauci-reconoce-que-una-inyeccion-de-arnm-necesita-un-decada-de-estudios-para-ser-segura/
Leonhardt D. Is vaccine immunity waning? The New York Times [internet] 2021 nov. 11] [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/30/briefing/vaccine-immunity-booster-shots.html
Wetzel C. U.S. sets record with over 1 million new daily Covid-19 cases. Smithsonian Magazine. [internet]. 2022 ene. 5 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/us-sets-record-with-over-1-million-new-daily-covid-19-cases-180979320/
The Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. [internet]. 2022 jan. 7 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/
VIPER Group COVID19 Vaccine Tracker Team. What are the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines? [internet] 2022 [citado 2022 abr. 4]. Disponible en: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/benefits-of-vaccines/
New York State. COVID-19 breakthrough data [internet]. s. f. [citado 2022 mar. 20]. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov/covid-19-breakthrough-data
Montgomery E. Defining COVID-19 terms: Breakthrough infection. ACHI [internet] 2021 abr. 27 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://achi.net/newsroom/defining-covid-19-terms-breakthrough-infection-2/
Our World in Data. Covid-19-data. [Base de datos]. https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data)
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Eficacia teórica, eficacia real y protección de las vacunas [internet]. 2021 jul. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/feature-stories/detail/vaccine-efficacy-effectiveness-and-protection
La Nación, AFP. Variantes de covid que eluden la inmunidad impulsan séptima ola que sufre Europa [internet]. 2022 jun. 28 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/agencias/variantes-de-covid-que-eluden-la-inmunidad-impulsan-septima-ola-que-sufre-europa-nid28062022/
Nezirevic L. WHO’s Europe director urges vigilance as COVID surges across Europe. AA [internet]. 2022 jun. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/who-s-europe-director-urges-vigilance-as-covid-surges-across-europe/2625461
Vega A. La Consejería de Salud, expectante por el impacto de “ola silenciosa” de Covid en Andalucía. ABC Andalucía [internet]. 2022 jul. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://sevilla.abc.es/andalucia/sevi-consejeria-salud-expectante-impacto-silenciosa-covid-andalucia-202207030818_noticia.html
Miguel H de. Séptima ola Covid: “España está en pleno ascenso y hasta dentro de tres semanas no llegaremos al pico”. La Razón [internet]. 2022 jun. 24 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.larazon.es/sociedad/20220624/jlhxqmkwvvambekpxfq6n2r6oe.html
Prater E. The COVID wave America doesn’t care about: ‘Everybody is sick of COVID’. Fortune [internet]. 2022 abr. 16 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://fortune.com/2022/04/16/next-covid-wave-probably-here-america-ignoring-everybody-sick-of-covid-delta-omicron-pi-coronavirus-fauci-johns-hopkins-ba1-ba2-variant-voc-voi-wild-type/
Linde P. ¿Por qué tanta gente está volviendo a contagiarse de covid? Todo lo que necesita saber en este punto de la pandemia. El País [internet]. 2022 jun. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://elpais.com/sociedad/2022-06-29/por-que-tanta-gente-esta-volviendo-a-contagiarse-de-covid.html
Amerise A. Covid: dos decisivos avances en las próximas vacunas para intentar poner fin a la pandemia. BBC Mundo [internet] 2022 ene. 31 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-60119236?at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_custom4=EE74F094-7D60-11EC-960E-D93E16F31EAE&at_custom2=twitter&at_medium=custom7&at_campaign=64&at_custom3=BBC+Mundo
Fernández Novo I. Nadie está a salvo: por qué los contagios aumentan entre los vacunados y quienes pasaron la covid. NIUS [internet]. 2021 dic. 19 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/por-que-contagios-aumentan-tambien-vacunados-quienes-pasaron-covid_18_3252122354.html
Pavilonis V. Art. Fact check: COVID-19 vaccines primarily designed to prevent serious illness, death. USA Today [internet]. 2022 ene. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/01/21/fact-check-vaccines-limit-serious-illness-and-death-covid-19/9185671002/
Funke D. Fact check: Vaccines protect against contracting, spreading COVID-19. USA Today [internet]. 2021 nov. 17 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/11/17/fact-check-covid-19-vaccines-protect-against-infection-transmission/6403678001/
NBC-Chicago. Why is omicron causing a rise in breakthrough infections? [citado 12 de enero de 2022. [internet]. 2022 ene. 12 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/coronavirus/why-is-omicron-causing-so-many-breakthrough-infections/2726839/
Carroll RT. The Skeptic’s Dictionary: A collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003.
Popper KR. Open society and its enemies. Princeton, Nueva Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1966.
Powel C. Vaccine definition was changed as COVID-19 virus shots weakened. Journal Inquirer [internet]. 2022 ene. 10 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.journalinquirer.com/opinion/chris_powell/vaccine-definition-was-changed-as-covid-19-virus-shots-weakened/article_e36de93e-7226-11ec-a67f-e3b8d07df769.html
Porta M. A dictionary of epidemiology. International Epidemiological Association, New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Understanding how vaccines work. [internet]. 2013 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-bw-office.pdf
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Immunization: The basics. [internet]. 2021 sep. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm
Fundéu RAE. Vacuna, palabra del año 2021 [internet]. 2021 dic. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fundeu.es/recomendacion/vacuna-palabra-del-ano-2021-para-la-fundeurae/
Merriam Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Year 2021: ‘Vaccine,’ plus ‘insurrection,’ ‘cicada,’ ‘perseverance,’ and more of our top lookups of 2021” [internet]. 2021 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year
Camero K. Why did CDC change its definition for ‘vaccine’? El Nuevo Herald [internet]. 2021 sep. 27 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article254111268.html
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Stay up to date with your vaccines. [internet]. 2022 jul 19. [citado 2022 ene. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html
Weiland N, Anthes E. Being ‘Up to Date’ on covid vaccine now includes a booster, C.D.C. says. The New York Times [internet]. 2022 ene. 5 [citado 2022 ene. 13]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/covid-vaccine-booster-CDC-up-to-date.html
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Serology [internet]. 2020 jun. 9 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://web.archive.org/web/20201112125455/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-serology#
Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). La OMS caracteriza a COVID-19 como una pandemia. [internet]. 2020 mar. 11 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/11-3-2020-OMS-caracteriza-covid-19-como-pandemia
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Inmunidad colectiva, confinamientos y COVID-19 [internet]. 2020 dic. 31 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19
Crotty S. Hybrid immunity. Science. 2021:372(6549):1392-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj2258
Maragakis L, Kelen GD. COVID natural immunity: What you need to know. Johns Hopkins Medicine [internet]. 2021 nov. 23 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/covid-natural-immunity-what-you-need-to-know
Pilz S, Theiler V, Trummer C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity. Environmental Research; 2022;209:11291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112911
Marx K. El capital. Tomo 1. Buenos Aires: Cartago. 1956.
Ferguson N, Ghani A, et al. Report 50 - Hospitalisation risk for omicron cases in England. Imperial College London [internet]. 2021 dic. 22 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-50-severity-omicron/
Jassat W, Karim S, Mudara C, et al. Clinical severity of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals in Gauteng, South Africa during the omicron-dominant fourth wave. Lancet [internet]. 2021 dic. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3996320
Agencia EFE. Estados Unidos bate un nuevo récord de hospitalizaciones por covid-19 [internet]. 2022 ene. 11 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.efe.com/efe/usa/sociedad/estados-unidos-bate-un-nuevo-record-de-hospitalizaciones-por-covid-19/50000101-4715269
Adam D. The pandemic’s true death toll: Millions more than official counts. Nature. 2022;601:312-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00104-8
COVID-19 Excess mortality collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality. 2020-21. Lancet; 399(10334):P1513-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
Benn CS, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Nielsen S, et al. Randomised clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines: do adenovirus-vector vaccines have beneficial non-specific effects? Preprints with The Lancet . [internet]. 2022 abr. 5 [citado 2022 ago. 20 ] Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4072489
Jones W. How many lives did the vaccines save and how many did they end? The Daily Sceptic. [internet]. 2022 ago. 10 [citado 2022 ago. 20 ] Disponible en: https://dailysceptic.org/2022/08/10/how-many-lives-did-the-vaccines-save-and-how-many-did-they-end/
Chen C. FDA repays industry by rushing risky drugs to market. ProPublica.org [internet]. 2018 jun. 26 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.propublica.org/article/FDA-repays-industry-by-rushing-risky-drugs-to-market
Lenzer J. Why aren’t the US Centers for Disease Control and Food and Drug Administration speaking with one voice on flu? BMJ 2015;350:h658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h658
Perry S. CDC’s advice to take Tamiflu is compromised by financial conflicts of interest. Minnpost [internet]. 2015 feb. 12 [citado 2022 ene. 14]. Disponible en: https://www.minnpost.com/second-opinion/2015/02/CDCs-advice-take-tamiflu-compromised-financial-conflicts-interest/
Gérvas J. El asunto Tamiflú/Relenza, la salud pública y algunas lecciones para la decisión y la ética. Rev Cub Salud Pública. [internet]. 2014 [citado 2022 jul. 5]; 40(4):334-48. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=53800
Cohen D, Carter P. WHO and the pandemic flu “conspiracies”. BMJ; 2010;340:c2912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2912
Dyer O. Cochrane reviewer sues Roche for claiming Tamiflu could slow flu pandemic. BMJ 2020;368:m314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m314
Liu A. Roche’s $1.5B Tamiflu stockpiling lawsuit drags on as U.S. judge allows case to proceed. Fierce Pharma [internet]. 2020 sep. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/roche-s-1-5b-tamiflu-pandemic-fca-suit-drags-as-federal-judge-allows-case-to-move-forward
Bonny S. Corporate concentration and technological change in the global seed industry. Sustainability. 2017;9(9):1632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091632
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention Foundation. Our partners: Corporation [internet]. 2021 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDCfoundation.org/partner-list/corporations
Ruskin G. U.S. Right to Know sues CDC for documents about its ties to Coca-Cola. U.S. Right to Know [internet]. 2018 feb. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://usrtk.org/sweeteners/u-s-right-to-know-sues-CDC-for-documents-about-its-ties-to-coca-cola/
Hessari NM, Ruskin G, et al. Public meets private: Conversations between Coca-Cola and the CDC. Milbank Q 2019;97(1):74-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12368
Jørgensen L, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. Benefits and harms of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Systematic review with meta-analyses of trial data from clinical study reports. Systematic Reviews, 2020: 9(43). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-0983-y
Hawkes N. HPV vaccine safety: Cochrane launches urgent investigation into review after criticisms. BMJ 2018;362:k3472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3472
Fayad L. Cost and insurance coverage for the HPV Vaccine Gardasil. Verywell Health [internet]. 2020 nov. 30 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-much-does-the-gardasil-vaccine-cost-582021
Arnold DG, Stewart OJ, Beck T. Financial penalties imposed on large pharmaceutical firms for illegal activities. JAMA. 2020;324(19):1995-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.18740
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Testing recommendations for hepatitis C virus infection [internet]. 2020 jul. 29 [citado 2020 sep. 20]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/hepatitis/hcv/guidelinesc.htm
Lenzer J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Protecting the private good? BMJ 2015; 350:h2362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2362
Knowledge Ecology International, Liberty Coalition, Project on Government Oversight, Public Citizen, U.S. Right to Know. CITIZEN PETITION TO CDC: Open letter: Stop falsely claiming not to accept corporate money. U.S. Right to Know [internet]. 2019 nov. 5 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Petition-to-CDC-re-Disclaimers.pdf
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Department of Health and Human Services. Fiscal Year 2020. Justification of estimates for appropriation committees- FY [internet]. 2020 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/budget/documents/fy2020/fy-2020-CDC-congressional-justification.pdf
Berbell C. Las farmacéuticas BioNTech y Pfizer facturarán por su vacuna antiCOVID 80.449 euros por cada uno de los 525.600 minutos de 2022. Confi Legal [internet]. 2022 ene. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://confilegal.com/20220114-las-farmaceuticas-biontech-y-Pfizer-facturaran-80-449-euros-por-cada-uno-de-los-525-600-minutos-de-2022-por-su-vacuna-anticovid/
Laboratorios Pfizer. Pfizer reports fourth-quarter and full-year 2021 results [internet]. 2022 abr. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000078003/000007800322000003/pfe-12312021xex99.htm
Pueyo J. Las farmacéuticas cierran un año de oro con 65.000 millones en ventas ante el reto de la ómicron. El País [internet]. 2021 dic. 19 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://elpais.com/economia/2021-12-20/las-farmaceuticas-cierran-un-ano-de-oro-con-65000-millones-de-caja-ante-el-reto-de-la-omicron.html
Hiltzik M. Los fundadores de Moderna ahora son multimillonarios; ¿dónde están las dosis para el resto del mundo? Los Angeles Times [internet]. 2021 oct. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.latimes.com/espanol/eeuu/articulo/2021-10-21/Moderna-fundadores-multi-millonarios-pero-y-el-el-resto-del-mundo
Ziady H. Covid vaccine profits mint 9 new pharma billionaires. CNN Business [internet]. 2021 may. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/21/business/covid-vaccine-billionaires/index.html
Bourna A. Elegimos ir a la Luna. Barcelona: Península; 2022.
Prugger C, Spelsberg A, Keil U, et al Evaluating covid-19 vaccine efficacy and safety in the post-authorisation phase. BMJ, 2021;375:e067570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-067570
Naci H, Smalley KR, Kesselheim AS. Characteristics of preapproval and postapproval studies for drugs granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. JAMA. 2017;318:626-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.9415
McCarthy J. Big pharma sinks to the bottom of US industry rankings. Gallup [internet]. 2019 sep. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://news.gallup.com/poll/266060/big-pharma-sinks-bottom-industry-rankings.aspx
Laboratorios Pfizer. COVID-19 vaccine maker pledge [internet]. 2020 sep. 12 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.Pfizer.com/science/coronavirus/manufacturing-and-distribution/pledge
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). La FDA aprueba la primera vacuna contra el COVID-19 [internet]. 2021 ago. 23 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.FDA.gov/news-events/press-announcements/la-FDA-aprueba-la-primera-vacuna-contra-el-covid-19
DeWeerdt S. Tracing the US opioid crisis to its roots. Nature, 2019;573:S10-S12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02686-2
McGreal C. Biden urged not to give top FDA job to official over her role in opioid crisis. The Guardian [internet]. 2021 ene. 2 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/28/fda-janet-woodcock-opioids-biden
The Deferder. Por qué Janet Woodcock es la persona equivocada para dirigir la FDA. Children’s Health Defense [internet]. 2021 feb. 23 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/por-que-janet-woodcock-es-la-persona-equivocada-para-dirigir-la-FDA/?lang=es
Kesselheim AS, Avorn J. Approving a problematic muscular dystrophy drug: Implications for FDA policy. JAMA. 2026;316(22): 2357-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.16437
Adams B. Sarepta bemoaned “dire” financial situation as it pushed for Exondys decision. Fierce Biotech [internet]. 2016 nov. 4 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/sarepta-bemoaned-dire-financial-situation-as-it-pushed-for-exondys-decision
Kaplan S. FDA still lacks a permanent chief, despite pressing, weighty problems. The New York Times. [internet]. 2021 jun. 13 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/12/health/fda-woodcock-agenda.html
Greene J. We’ll all be dead before FDA releases full COVID vaccine record, plaintiffs say. Reuters [internet]. 2021 dic. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/well-all-be-dead-before-fda-releases-full-covid-vaccine-record-plaintiffs-say-2021-12-13/
Doshi P, Godle F, Abbasi K. Covid-19 vaccines and treatments: We must have raw data, now. BMJ. 2022;376:o102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o102
Tanveer S, Rowhani-Farid A, Hong K, et al. Transparency of COVID-19 vaccine trials: Decisions without data. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 2021; 111735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111735
Mahase E. Covid-19: Vaccine advisory committee must be more transparent about decisions, say researchers. BMJ 2021;375:n2452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2452
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2022). Federal judge tells FDA it must make public 55,000 pages a month of Pfizer vaccine data. FDA News [internet]. 2020 ene. 10 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.FDAnews.com/articles/206113-federal-judge-tells-FDA-it-must-make-public-55000-pages-a-month-of-Pfizer-vaccine-data
Apuzzo M, Gebrekidan S. Los acuerdos secretos por las vacunas. The New York Times [internet]. 2021 feb. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/02/01/espanol/vacunas-secretos.html
World Health Organization. Accelerating a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine [internet]. 2022 ene. 13 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine
Ansede M. “No minemos la confianza en la vacunación por precipitarnos”. El País [internet]. 2020 dic. 10 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-12-10/no-minemos-la-confianza-en-la-vacunacion-por-precipitarnos.html
Laboratorios Pfizer. Scott Gottlieb elected to Pfizer’s board of directors. Pfizer website [internet]. 2019 jun. 27 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.Pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/scott_gottlieb_elected_to_Pfizer_s_board_of_directors
Price B. Former FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb on the Covid Pill, vaccines for kids. Barron’s [internet]. 2021 oct. 6 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.barrons.com/articles/scott-gottlieb-covid-kids-Pfizer-vaccine-51633548031
Kaplan S. Elizabeth Warren calls on former F.D.A. chief to quit Pfizer board. The New York Times [internet]. 2019 jul. 2 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/health/elizabeth-warren-scott-gottlieb-Pfizer.html
Warren E. Letter to Dr. Gottlieb. Oficcial E. Warren Senate Website [internet]. 2019 jul. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2019.07.01%20Letter%20to%20Scott%20Gottlieb%20re%20joining%20board%20of%20Pfizer.pdf
LaHucik K. He authorized Moderna’s vaccine 6 months ago. Now, ex-FDA chief Hahn joins biotech’s backer. Fierce Biotech [internet]. 2021 jun. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/six-months-after-granting-Moderna-covid-19-eua-ex-FDA-commish-joins-biotech-s-founding
Naciones Unidas. La OMS critica el egoísmo de los países ricos y las farmacéuticas frente a las vacunas del COVID-19. Noticias ONU [internet]. 2021 ene. 18 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/01/1486742
diariodicen. El 83% de la población africana todavía no ha recibido una dosis: “No es sólo un fracaso moral, también es un fracaso epidemiológico” [internet]. 2022 feb. 24 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.enfermeria21.com/diario-dicen/el-83-de-la-poblacion-africana-todavia-no-ha-recibido-una-dosis-no-es-solo-un-fracaso-moral-tambien-es-un-fracaso-epidemiologico/
Amnistía Internacional. Las principales empresas farmacéuticas que desarrollan las vacunas contra la COVID-19 avivan una crisis sin precedente de derechos humanos [internet]. 2021 sep. 22 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/un-nuevo-informe-muestra-que-las-principales-empresas-farmaceuticas-que-desarrollan-las-vacunas-contra-la-covid-19-avivan-una-crisis-sin-precedente-de-derechos-humanos/
Vilasanjuan R. COVID-19: geopolítica de la vacuna, un arma para la seguridad global. Real Instituto Elcano [internet]. 2021 feb. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/covid-19-geopolitica-de-la-vacuna-un-arma-para-la-seguridad-global/
Herman B. Moderna skirts disclosures of coronavirus vaccine costs. Axios. [internet]. 2020 ago. 5 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.axios.com/Moderna-barda-coronavirus-funding-disclosure-2775a517-a775-485a-a509-b6906c8535a9.html
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Categorías
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Universidad de Antioquia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
El autor o los autores conserva(n) los derechos morales y cede(n) los derechos patrimoniales que corresponderán a la Universidad de Antioquia, para publicarlo, distribuir copias electrónicas, incluirlas en servicios de indización, directorios o bases de datos nacionales e internacionales en Acceso Abierto, bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribución-No Comercial-Compartir Igual 4.0 Internacional Comercial (CC BY-NC-SA) la cual permite a otros distribuir, remezclar, retocar y crear a partir de la obra de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando se dé crédito respectivo y licencien las nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones.