Reflexões sobre as narrativas em mudança em torno das vacinas contra a covid-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e349338Palavras-chave:
conflito de interesses, empresas farmacêuticas, mídia, marketing, vacinas contra a covid-19Resumo
ropomo-nos discernir em que medida as estratégias mediáticas adotadas em torno das vacinas covid-19, ao longo dos primeiros 15 meses desde o início da sua aplicação, podem dar contribuições legítimas e coerentes para melhor compreender o seu desempenho, e em que medida as narrativas poderiam responder aos interesses econômicos das elites corporativas. Uma vez compilados os elementos mais relevantes com os quais se configuram as narrativas predominantes desde o momento em que as vacinas foram concebidas, foram identificadas diversas anomalias que foram, em maior ou menor medida, invisibilizadas no processo de sua aprovação e nos resultados de sua aplicação . As mais significativas dizem respeito à gestão de definições, descumprimentos de compromissos e conflitos de interesse que comprometem a atuação das empresas comercializadoras e dos órgãos reguladores das vacinas. Inúmeros elementos relacionados a interesses corporativos gravitaram na elaboração da história sobre vacinas. Entre os que demandam ressignificação estão: sua real capacidade preventiva de contágios, evoluções graves e óbitos, sua eficácia contra novas variantes, a duração da imunidade que se consolidou, seus efeitos adversos, o papel sinérgico da imunidade adquirida e os recursos utilizados. empresas para alcançar o domínio do monopólio virtual no mercado.
Downloads
Referências
Baicus A. History of polio vaccination. World J. Virol. 2012;1(4):108-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.108
Angell M. The Truth about the drug companies: How they deceive us and what to do about it. New York: Random House; 2004.
Gotzsche PC. Medicamentos que matan y crimen organizado: Cómo las grandes farmacéuticas han corrompido el sistema de salud. Barcelona: Los libros del lince; 2014.
Rujevic N. No todos los críticos del coronavirus son teóricos de la conspiración. Deutsche Welle [internet]. 2021, 30 de diciembre [citado 2022 jul. 10]. Disponible en: https://www.dw.com/es/no-todos-los-cr%C3%ADticos-del-coronavirus-son-te%C3%B3ricos-de-la-conspiraci%C3%B3n/a-53462003
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Datos sobre vacunas de la FDA [internet]. s. f. [citado 2021 may. 17]. Disponible en: https://www.FDA.gov/media/144116/download
Greenwood M, Yule GU. The statistics of anti-typhoid and anti-cholera inoculations, and the interpretation of such statistics in general. Proc R Soc Med. [internet]. 1915 [citado 2022 jul. 5]; 8:113-94. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2004181/
Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, et al. Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Bull World Health Organ [internet]. 1985 [citado 2022 jul. 5]; 63(6):1055-68. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536484/
Katella K. Comparing the COVID-19 vaccines: How are they different? Yale Medicine [internet]; 2021 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2603-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
Doshi, P. Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren’t designed to tell us. BMJ. 2020;371:m4037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4037
Pronker, ES, Weenen TC, Commandeur H, et al. Risk in vaccine research and development quantified. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057755
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Immunization, vaccines and biologicals [internet] s. f. [citado 2022 abr. 4]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases
Desrosiers RC. HIV/AIDS vaccine: Why don’t we have one after 37 years, when we have several for COVID-19 after a few months? The Conversation [internet]. 2021 may. 17 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://theconversation.com/hiv-aids-vaccine-why-dont-we-have-one-after-37-years-when-we-have-several-for-covid-19-after-a-few-months-160690
Kormann C. Art. How long will it take to develop a coronavirus vaccine? The New Yorker [internet] 2020 mar. 8 [citado 2020 mar. 8]. Disponible en: https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-long-will-it-take-to-develop-a-coronavirus-vaccine
Kmietowicz Z. Evidence is insufficient to back mandatory NHS staff vaccination, says House of Lords committee. BMJ; 2021; 375:n2957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2957
Bostock B. Fauci said it will take 12 to 18 months to get a coronavirus vaccine in the US. Experts say a quick approval could be risky. Business Insider [internet] 2020 abr. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-vaccine-quest-18-months-fauci-experts-flag-dangers-testing-2020-4
Kuznia, R. The timetable for a coronavirus vaccine is 18 months. Experts say that’s risky. CNN [internet] 2020 abr. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/31/us/coronavirus-vaccine-timetable-concerns-experts-invs/index.html
Ciencia y salud natural. A. Fauci reconoce que una inyección de ARNm necesita una década de estudios para ser segura. Ciencia y Salud Natural [internet] 2021 oct. 6 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://cienciaysaludnatural.com/fauci-reconoce-que-una-inyeccion-de-arnm-necesita-un-decada-de-estudios-para-ser-segura/
Leonhardt D. Is vaccine immunity waning? The New York Times [internet] 2021 nov. 11] [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/30/briefing/vaccine-immunity-booster-shots.html
Wetzel C. U.S. sets record with over 1 million new daily Covid-19 cases. Smithsonian Magazine. [internet]. 2022 ene. 5 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/us-sets-record-with-over-1-million-new-daily-covid-19-cases-180979320/
The Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. [internet]. 2022 jan. 7 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/
VIPER Group COVID19 Vaccine Tracker Team. What are the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines? [internet] 2022 [citado 2022 abr. 4]. Disponible en: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/benefits-of-vaccines/
New York State. COVID-19 breakthrough data [internet]. s. f. [citado 2022 mar. 20]. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov/covid-19-breakthrough-data
Montgomery E. Defining COVID-19 terms: Breakthrough infection. ACHI [internet] 2021 abr. 27 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://achi.net/newsroom/defining-covid-19-terms-breakthrough-infection-2/
Our World in Data. Covid-19-data. [Base de datos]. https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data)
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Eficacia teórica, eficacia real y protección de las vacunas [internet]. 2021 jul. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/feature-stories/detail/vaccine-efficacy-effectiveness-and-protection
La Nación, AFP. Variantes de covid que eluden la inmunidad impulsan séptima ola que sufre Europa [internet]. 2022 jun. 28 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/agencias/variantes-de-covid-que-eluden-la-inmunidad-impulsan-septima-ola-que-sufre-europa-nid28062022/
Nezirevic L. WHO’s Europe director urges vigilance as COVID surges across Europe. AA [internet]. 2022 jun. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/who-s-europe-director-urges-vigilance-as-covid-surges-across-europe/2625461
Vega A. La Consejería de Salud, expectante por el impacto de “ola silenciosa” de Covid en Andalucía. ABC Andalucía [internet]. 2022 jul. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://sevilla.abc.es/andalucia/sevi-consejeria-salud-expectante-impacto-silenciosa-covid-andalucia-202207030818_noticia.html
Miguel H de. Séptima ola Covid: “España está en pleno ascenso y hasta dentro de tres semanas no llegaremos al pico”. La Razón [internet]. 2022 jun. 24 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.larazon.es/sociedad/20220624/jlhxqmkwvvambekpxfq6n2r6oe.html
Prater E. The COVID wave America doesn’t care about: ‘Everybody is sick of COVID’. Fortune [internet]. 2022 abr. 16 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://fortune.com/2022/04/16/next-covid-wave-probably-here-america-ignoring-everybody-sick-of-covid-delta-omicron-pi-coronavirus-fauci-johns-hopkins-ba1-ba2-variant-voc-voi-wild-type/
Linde P. ¿Por qué tanta gente está volviendo a contagiarse de covid? Todo lo que necesita saber en este punto de la pandemia. El País [internet]. 2022 jun. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://elpais.com/sociedad/2022-06-29/por-que-tanta-gente-esta-volviendo-a-contagiarse-de-covid.html
Amerise A. Covid: dos decisivos avances en las próximas vacunas para intentar poner fin a la pandemia. BBC Mundo [internet] 2022 ene. 31 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-60119236?at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_custom4=EE74F094-7D60-11EC-960E-D93E16F31EAE&at_custom2=twitter&at_medium=custom7&at_campaign=64&at_custom3=BBC+Mundo
Fernández Novo I. Nadie está a salvo: por qué los contagios aumentan entre los vacunados y quienes pasaron la covid. NIUS [internet]. 2021 dic. 19 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.niusdiario.es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/por-que-contagios-aumentan-tambien-vacunados-quienes-pasaron-covid_18_3252122354.html
Pavilonis V. Art. Fact check: COVID-19 vaccines primarily designed to prevent serious illness, death. USA Today [internet]. 2022 ene. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/01/21/fact-check-vaccines-limit-serious-illness-and-death-covid-19/9185671002/
Funke D. Fact check: Vaccines protect against contracting, spreading COVID-19. USA Today [internet]. 2021 nov. 17 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/11/17/fact-check-covid-19-vaccines-protect-against-infection-transmission/6403678001/
NBC-Chicago. Why is omicron causing a rise in breakthrough infections? [citado 12 de enero de 2022. [internet]. 2022 ene. 12 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/coronavirus/why-is-omicron-causing-so-many-breakthrough-infections/2726839/
Carroll RT. The Skeptic’s Dictionary: A collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003.
Popper KR. Open society and its enemies. Princeton, Nueva Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1966.
Powel C. Vaccine definition was changed as COVID-19 virus shots weakened. Journal Inquirer [internet]. 2022 ene. 10 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.journalinquirer.com/opinion/chris_powell/vaccine-definition-was-changed-as-covid-19-virus-shots-weakened/article_e36de93e-7226-11ec-a67f-e3b8d07df769.html
Porta M. A dictionary of epidemiology. International Epidemiological Association, New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Understanding how vaccines work. [internet]. 2013 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-bw-office.pdf
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Immunization: The basics. [internet]. 2021 sep. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm
Fundéu RAE. Vacuna, palabra del año 2021 [internet]. 2021 dic. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fundeu.es/recomendacion/vacuna-palabra-del-ano-2021-para-la-fundeurae/
Merriam Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Year 2021: ‘Vaccine,’ plus ‘insurrection,’ ‘cicada,’ ‘perseverance,’ and more of our top lookups of 2021” [internet]. 2021 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year
Camero K. Why did CDC change its definition for ‘vaccine’? El Nuevo Herald [internet]. 2021 sep. 27 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article254111268.html
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Stay up to date with your vaccines. [internet]. 2022 jul 19. [citado 2022 ene. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html
Weiland N, Anthes E. Being ‘Up to Date’ on covid vaccine now includes a booster, C.D.C. says. The New York Times [internet]. 2022 ene. 5 [citado 2022 ene. 13]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/covid-vaccine-booster-CDC-up-to-date.html
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Serology [internet]. 2020 jun. 9 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://web.archive.org/web/20201112125455/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-serology#
Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). La OMS caracteriza a COVID-19 como una pandemia. [internet]. 2020 mar. 11 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/11-3-2020-OMS-caracteriza-covid-19-como-pandemia
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Inmunidad colectiva, confinamientos y COVID-19 [internet]. 2020 dic. 31 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19
Crotty S. Hybrid immunity. Science. 2021:372(6549):1392-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj2258
Maragakis L, Kelen GD. COVID natural immunity: What you need to know. Johns Hopkins Medicine [internet]. 2021 nov. 23 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/covid-natural-immunity-what-you-need-to-know
Pilz S, Theiler V, Trummer C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity. Environmental Research; 2022;209:11291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112911
Marx K. El capital. Tomo 1. Buenos Aires: Cartago. 1956.
Ferguson N, Ghani A, et al. Report 50 - Hospitalisation risk for omicron cases in England. Imperial College London [internet]. 2021 dic. 22 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-50-severity-omicron/
Jassat W, Karim S, Mudara C, et al. Clinical severity of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals in Gauteng, South Africa during the omicron-dominant fourth wave. Lancet [internet]. 2021 dic. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3996320
Agencia EFE. Estados Unidos bate un nuevo récord de hospitalizaciones por covid-19 [internet]. 2022 ene. 11 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.efe.com/efe/usa/sociedad/estados-unidos-bate-un-nuevo-record-de-hospitalizaciones-por-covid-19/50000101-4715269
Adam D. The pandemic’s true death toll: Millions more than official counts. Nature. 2022;601:312-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00104-8
COVID-19 Excess mortality collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality. 2020-21. Lancet; 399(10334):P1513-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
Benn CS, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Nielsen S, et al. Randomised clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines: do adenovirus-vector vaccines have beneficial non-specific effects? Preprints with The Lancet . [internet]. 2022 abr. 5 [citado 2022 ago. 20 ] Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4072489
Jones W. How many lives did the vaccines save and how many did they end? The Daily Sceptic. [internet]. 2022 ago. 10 [citado 2022 ago. 20 ] Disponible en: https://dailysceptic.org/2022/08/10/how-many-lives-did-the-vaccines-save-and-how-many-did-they-end/
Chen C. FDA repays industry by rushing risky drugs to market. ProPublica.org [internet]. 2018 jun. 26 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.propublica.org/article/FDA-repays-industry-by-rushing-risky-drugs-to-market
Lenzer J. Why aren’t the US Centers for Disease Control and Food and Drug Administration speaking with one voice on flu? BMJ 2015;350:h658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h658
Perry S. CDC’s advice to take Tamiflu is compromised by financial conflicts of interest. Minnpost [internet]. 2015 feb. 12 [citado 2022 ene. 14]. Disponible en: https://www.minnpost.com/second-opinion/2015/02/CDCs-advice-take-tamiflu-compromised-financial-conflicts-interest/
Gérvas J. El asunto Tamiflú/Relenza, la salud pública y algunas lecciones para la decisión y la ética. Rev Cub Salud Pública. [internet]. 2014 [citado 2022 jul. 5]; 40(4):334-48. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=53800
Cohen D, Carter P. WHO and the pandemic flu “conspiracies”. BMJ; 2010;340:c2912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2912
Dyer O. Cochrane reviewer sues Roche for claiming Tamiflu could slow flu pandemic. BMJ 2020;368:m314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m314
Liu A. Roche’s $1.5B Tamiflu stockpiling lawsuit drags on as U.S. judge allows case to proceed. Fierce Pharma [internet]. 2020 sep. 29 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/roche-s-1-5b-tamiflu-pandemic-fca-suit-drags-as-federal-judge-allows-case-to-move-forward
Bonny S. Corporate concentration and technological change in the global seed industry. Sustainability. 2017;9(9):1632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091632
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention Foundation. Our partners: Corporation [internet]. 2021 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDCfoundation.org/partner-list/corporations
Ruskin G. U.S. Right to Know sues CDC for documents about its ties to Coca-Cola. U.S. Right to Know [internet]. 2018 feb. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://usrtk.org/sweeteners/u-s-right-to-know-sues-CDC-for-documents-about-its-ties-to-coca-cola/
Hessari NM, Ruskin G, et al. Public meets private: Conversations between Coca-Cola and the CDC. Milbank Q 2019;97(1):74-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12368
Jørgensen L, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. Benefits and harms of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: Systematic review with meta-analyses of trial data from clinical study reports. Systematic Reviews, 2020: 9(43). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-0983-y
Hawkes N. HPV vaccine safety: Cochrane launches urgent investigation into review after criticisms. BMJ 2018;362:k3472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3472
Fayad L. Cost and insurance coverage for the HPV Vaccine Gardasil. Verywell Health [internet]. 2020 nov. 30 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-much-does-the-gardasil-vaccine-cost-582021
Arnold DG, Stewart OJ, Beck T. Financial penalties imposed on large pharmaceutical firms for illegal activities. JAMA. 2020;324(19):1995-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.18740
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Testing recommendations for hepatitis C virus infection [internet]. 2020 jul. 29 [citado 2020 sep. 20]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/hepatitis/hcv/guidelinesc.htm
Lenzer J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Protecting the private good? BMJ 2015; 350:h2362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2362
Knowledge Ecology International, Liberty Coalition, Project on Government Oversight, Public Citizen, U.S. Right to Know. CITIZEN PETITION TO CDC: Open letter: Stop falsely claiming not to accept corporate money. U.S. Right to Know [internet]. 2019 nov. 5 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Petition-to-CDC-re-Disclaimers.pdf
Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (CDC). Department of Health and Human Services. Fiscal Year 2020. Justification of estimates for appropriation committees- FY [internet]. 2020 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.CDC.gov/budget/documents/fy2020/fy-2020-CDC-congressional-justification.pdf
Berbell C. Las farmacéuticas BioNTech y Pfizer facturarán por su vacuna antiCOVID 80.449 euros por cada uno de los 525.600 minutos de 2022. Confi Legal [internet]. 2022 ene. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://confilegal.com/20220114-las-farmaceuticas-biontech-y-Pfizer-facturaran-80-449-euros-por-cada-uno-de-los-525-600-minutos-de-2022-por-su-vacuna-anticovid/
Laboratorios Pfizer. Pfizer reports fourth-quarter and full-year 2021 results [internet]. 2022 abr. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000078003/000007800322000003/pfe-12312021xex99.htm
Pueyo J. Las farmacéuticas cierran un año de oro con 65.000 millones en ventas ante el reto de la ómicron. El País [internet]. 2021 dic. 19 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://elpais.com/economia/2021-12-20/las-farmaceuticas-cierran-un-ano-de-oro-con-65000-millones-de-caja-ante-el-reto-de-la-omicron.html
Hiltzik M. Los fundadores de Moderna ahora son multimillonarios; ¿dónde están las dosis para el resto del mundo? Los Angeles Times [internet]. 2021 oct. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.latimes.com/espanol/eeuu/articulo/2021-10-21/Moderna-fundadores-multi-millonarios-pero-y-el-el-resto-del-mundo
Ziady H. Covid vaccine profits mint 9 new pharma billionaires. CNN Business [internet]. 2021 may. 21 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/21/business/covid-vaccine-billionaires/index.html
Bourna A. Elegimos ir a la Luna. Barcelona: Península; 2022.
Prugger C, Spelsberg A, Keil U, et al Evaluating covid-19 vaccine efficacy and safety in the post-authorisation phase. BMJ, 2021;375:e067570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-067570
Naci H, Smalley KR, Kesselheim AS. Characteristics of preapproval and postapproval studies for drugs granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. JAMA. 2017;318:626-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.9415
McCarthy J. Big pharma sinks to the bottom of US industry rankings. Gallup [internet]. 2019 sep. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://news.gallup.com/poll/266060/big-pharma-sinks-bottom-industry-rankings.aspx
Laboratorios Pfizer. COVID-19 vaccine maker pledge [internet]. 2020 sep. 12 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.Pfizer.com/science/coronavirus/manufacturing-and-distribution/pledge
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). La FDA aprueba la primera vacuna contra el COVID-19 [internet]. 2021 ago. 23 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.FDA.gov/news-events/press-announcements/la-FDA-aprueba-la-primera-vacuna-contra-el-covid-19
DeWeerdt S. Tracing the US opioid crisis to its roots. Nature, 2019;573:S10-S12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02686-2
McGreal C. Biden urged not to give top FDA job to official over her role in opioid crisis. The Guardian [internet]. 2021 ene. 2 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/28/fda-janet-woodcock-opioids-biden
The Deferder. Por qué Janet Woodcock es la persona equivocada para dirigir la FDA. Children’s Health Defense [internet]. 2021 feb. 23 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/por-que-janet-woodcock-es-la-persona-equivocada-para-dirigir-la-FDA/?lang=es
Kesselheim AS, Avorn J. Approving a problematic muscular dystrophy drug: Implications for FDA policy. JAMA. 2026;316(22): 2357-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.16437
Adams B. Sarepta bemoaned “dire” financial situation as it pushed for Exondys decision. Fierce Biotech [internet]. 2016 nov. 4 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/sarepta-bemoaned-dire-financial-situation-as-it-pushed-for-exondys-decision
Kaplan S. FDA still lacks a permanent chief, despite pressing, weighty problems. The New York Times. [internet]. 2021 jun. 13 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/12/health/fda-woodcock-agenda.html
Greene J. We’ll all be dead before FDA releases full COVID vaccine record, plaintiffs say. Reuters [internet]. 2021 dic. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/well-all-be-dead-before-fda-releases-full-covid-vaccine-record-plaintiffs-say-2021-12-13/
Doshi P, Godle F, Abbasi K. Covid-19 vaccines and treatments: We must have raw data, now. BMJ. 2022;376:o102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o102
Tanveer S, Rowhani-Farid A, Hong K, et al. Transparency of COVID-19 vaccine trials: Decisions without data. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 2021; 111735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111735
Mahase E. Covid-19: Vaccine advisory committee must be more transparent about decisions, say researchers. BMJ 2021;375:n2452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2452
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2022). Federal judge tells FDA it must make public 55,000 pages a month of Pfizer vaccine data. FDA News [internet]. 2020 ene. 10 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.FDAnews.com/articles/206113-federal-judge-tells-FDA-it-must-make-public-55000-pages-a-month-of-Pfizer-vaccine-data
Apuzzo M, Gebrekidan S. Los acuerdos secretos por las vacunas. The New York Times [internet]. 2021 feb. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/02/01/espanol/vacunas-secretos.html
World Health Organization. Accelerating a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine [internet]. 2022 ene. 13 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine
Ansede M. “No minemos la confianza en la vacunación por precipitarnos”. El País [internet]. 2020 dic. 10 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-12-10/no-minemos-la-confianza-en-la-vacunacion-por-precipitarnos.html
Laboratorios Pfizer. Scott Gottlieb elected to Pfizer’s board of directors. Pfizer website [internet]. 2019 jun. 27 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.Pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/scott_gottlieb_elected_to_Pfizer_s_board_of_directors
Price B. Former FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb on the Covid Pill, vaccines for kids. Barron’s [internet]. 2021 oct. 6 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.barrons.com/articles/scott-gottlieb-covid-kids-Pfizer-vaccine-51633548031
Kaplan S. Elizabeth Warren calls on former F.D.A. chief to quit Pfizer board. The New York Times [internet]. 2019 jul. 2 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/health/elizabeth-warren-scott-gottlieb-Pfizer.html
Warren E. Letter to Dr. Gottlieb. Oficcial E. Warren Senate Website [internet]. 2019 jul. 1 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2019.07.01%20Letter%20to%20Scott%20Gottlieb%20re%20joining%20board%20of%20Pfizer.pdf
LaHucik K. He authorized Moderna’s vaccine 6 months ago. Now, ex-FDA chief Hahn joins biotech’s backer. Fierce Biotech [internet]. 2021 jun. 14 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/six-months-after-granting-Moderna-covid-19-eua-ex-FDA-commish-joins-biotech-s-founding
Naciones Unidas. La OMS critica el egoísmo de los países ricos y las farmacéuticas frente a las vacunas del COVID-19. Noticias ONU [internet]. 2021 ene. 18 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/01/1486742
diariodicen. El 83% de la población africana todavía no ha recibido una dosis: “No es sólo un fracaso moral, también es un fracaso epidemiológico” [internet]. 2022 feb. 24 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.enfermeria21.com/diario-dicen/el-83-de-la-poblacion-africana-todavia-no-ha-recibido-una-dosis-no-es-solo-un-fracaso-moral-tambien-es-un-fracaso-epidemiologico/
Amnistía Internacional. Las principales empresas farmacéuticas que desarrollan las vacunas contra la COVID-19 avivan una crisis sin precedente de derechos humanos [internet]. 2021 sep. 22 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/un-nuevo-informe-muestra-que-las-principales-empresas-farmaceuticas-que-desarrollan-las-vacunas-contra-la-covid-19-avivan-una-crisis-sin-precedente-de-derechos-humanos/
Vilasanjuan R. COVID-19: geopolítica de la vacuna, un arma para la seguridad global. Real Instituto Elcano [internet]. 2021 feb. 3 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/covid-19-geopolitica-de-la-vacuna-un-arma-para-la-seguridad-global/
Herman B. Moderna skirts disclosures of coronavirus vaccine costs. Axios. [internet]. 2020 ago. 5 [citado 2022 jul. 5]. Disponible en: https://www.axios.com/Moderna-barda-coronavirus-funding-disclosure-2775a517-a775-485a-a509-b6906c8535a9.html
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Categorias
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Universidad de Antioquia
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
El autor o los autores conserva(n) los derechos morales y cede(n) los derechos patrimoniales que corresponderán a la Universidad de Antioquia, para publicarlo, distribuir copias electrónicas, incluirlas en servicios de indización, directorios o bases de datos nacionales e internacionales en Acceso Abierto, bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribución-No Comercial-Compartir Igual 4.0 Internacional Comercial (CC BY-NC-SA) la cual permite a otros distribuir, remezclar, retocar y crear a partir de la obra de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando se dé crédito respectivo y licencien las nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones.
--
--
--
