Resistencia bacteriana en ambientes acuáticos: origen e implicaciones para la salud pública
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https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e351453Palabras clave:
antibióticos, bacterias resistentes a antibióticos, contaminación del agua, epidemiología basada en aguas residuales, resistencia antimicrobiana, salud públicaResumen
El alarmante incremento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos a nivel global ha dilucidado otras fuentes diferentes al hospital y la comunidad, donde el agua ha cobrado gran importancia. El ambiente acuático constituye el hábitat natural de un gran número de microorganismos, incluyendo bacterias resistentes a antibióticos, así mismo, se considera uno de los principales receptores de antimicrobianos, bacterias resistentes y genes de resistencia a antibióticos (ARGs) provenientes de las actividades humanas. En esta revisión se brinda una descripción global del papel de los ambientes acuáticos en el problema de la resistencia bacteriana y el potencial impacto en la salud humana. Se describen las principales fuentes de contaminación y las principales metodologías empleadas para su análisis, además se abordan estudios que plantean el posible impacto de la situación para la salud pública, tema recientemente explorado y de conocimiento aún incipiente. Finalmente, como conclusión, se establece la necesidad de abordar la problemática de la resistencia bacteriana desde la perspectiva de una sola salud, donde a la vigilancia tradicional, enfocada a nivel humano y veterinario, se articule a la vigilancia del ambiente acuático, principalmente la vigilancia epidemiológica basada en aguas residuales.
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