Infección por el virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo 1 (HTLV-1 y paraparesia espástica. Avances y diagnóstico 35 años después de su descubrimiento
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.v30n2a04Palabras clave:
HTLV-1, mielopatía asociada a HTLV-I, paraparesia espástica, retrovirusResumen
El virus linfotrópico humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) genera trastornos como la mielopatía inflamatoria crónica y progresiva conocida como mielopatía asociada al HTLV-1 (MAH), caracterizada por un cuadro clínico de paraparesia espástica. Inicialmente, el virus fue reportado en zonas tropicales y actualmente está presente en diferentes regiones del mundo. El HTLV-1 se puede transmitir tanto horizontal como verticalmente y permanecer latente en los pacientes; se calcula que de 1 % a 5 % de los infectados desarrollan leucemia/linfoma de células T en el adulto (LTA) y de 3 % a 5 %, MAH. Esta revisión, por medio de la búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos, es una compilación de la información más sobresaliente acerca de este retrovirus y la paraparesia espástica, aporta al conocimiento básico de la enfermedad, difunde un problema de salud poco conocido y genera la necesidad de hacer un diagnóstico temprano a fin de intervenir en la cadena de transmisión del virus y evitar su propagación silenciosa en la población.
Descargas
Citas
(1.) Vásquez P. HTLV-I (Human T- cell lymphotropic virus), algo que decir? Rev Chil Infect. 2003;20(Supl 1):S34-7. DOI 10.4067/S0716-10182003020100005.
(2.) Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Reitz MS, Kalyanaraman VS, Gallo RC. Isolation of a new type C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with Sézary T-cell leukaemia. Nature. 1981 Nov;294(5838):268-71.
(3.) Einsiedel L, Spelman T, Goeman E, Cassar O, Arundell M, Gessain A. Clinical associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 infection in an indigenous Australian population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Jan;8(1):e2643. DOI 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002643.
(4.) Ijichi S, Osame M. Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP): recent perspectives. Intern Med. 1995 Aug;34(8):713-21.
(5.) Verdonck K, González E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Apr;7(4):266-81.
(6.) Nascimento O, Marques W. Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-associated neuropathy. In: Said G, Krarup C, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology. 3a ed. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2013. p. 531-41.
(7.) Gotuzzo Herencia E, González Lagos E, Verdonck Bosteels K, Mayer Arispe E, Ita Nagy F, Clark Leza D. Veinte años de investigación sobre HTLV-1 y sus complicaciones médicas en el Perú: Perspectivas generales. Acta Méd Peruana. 2010 Jul-Sep;27(3):196-203.
(8.) Martin F, Taylor GP, Jacobson S. Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014 Nov;10(11):1531-46. DOI 10.1586/1744666X.2014.966690.
(9.) Murphy EL, Hanchard B, Figueroa JP, Gibbs WN, Lofters WS, Campbell M, et al. Modelling the risk of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Int J Cancer. 1989 Feb;43(2):250-3.
(10.) Kaplan JE, Osame M, Kubota H, Igata A, Nishita- ni H, Maeda Y, et al. The risk of development of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis among persons infected with HTLV-I. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3(11):1096-101.
(11.) Yoshida M, Miyoshi I, Hinuma Y. Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Mar;79(6):2031-5.
(12.) Gallo RC. The discovery of the first human retrovirus: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Retrovirology. 2005 Mar;2:17.
(13.) Carneiro-Proietti AB, Catalan-Soares BC, Castro-Costa CM, Murphy EL, Sabino EC, Hisada M, et al. HTLV in the Americas: challenges and perspectives. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006 Jan;19(1):44-53.
(14.) Calattini S, Chevalier SA, Duprez R, Bassot S, Froment A, Mahieux R, et al. Discovery of a new human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) in Central Africa. Retrovirology. 2005 May;2:30.
(15.) Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, et al. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet. 1985 Aug;2(8452):407-10.
(16.) Osame M, Usuku K, Izumo S, Ijichi N, Amitani H, Iga- ta A, et al. HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. Lancet. 1986 May;1(8488):1031-2.
(17.) Zaninovic V, Moreno D, Payán C, Rodriguez A. A propósito de 5 casos de paraparesia espástica tropical en Puerto Tejada (Cauca). Colomb Med. 1997;28(2):123- 9.
(18.) Van Dooren S, Salemi M, Vandamme AM. Dating the origin of the African human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-i (HTLV-I) subtypes. Mol Biol Evol. 2001 Apr;18(4):661-71.
(19.) Ruíz-Perea AA, Ramírez-Bejarano LE. Paraparesia Espástica Tropical /Mielopatía Asociada a HTLV (PET/ MAH). Reporte de casos en el pacífico colombiano. RFCS. 2013;15(3):31-40.
(20.) Gessain A, Cassar O. Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection. Front Microbiol. 2012 Nov;3:388. DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00388.
(21.) Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Catalan-Soares BC, Murphy EL. Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases. Oncogene. 2005 Sep;24(39):6058-68.
(22.) Satake M, Yamaguchi K, Tadokoro K. Current prevalence of HTLV-1 in Japan as determined by screening of blood donors. J Med Virol. 2012 Feb;84(2):327-35. DOI 10.1002/jmv.23181.
(23.) Bertherat E, Makuwa M, Renaut A, Nabias R, Georges- Courbot MC. HIV-1, HTLV-I, and HTLV-II in a semiurban population in East Gabon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 Dec;19(4):430-2.
(24.) de Mendoza C, Caballero E, Aguilera A, Pirón M, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Rodríguez C, et al. HIV-2 and HTLV-1 infections in Spain, a non-endemic region. AIDS Rev. 2014 Jul-Sep;16(3):152-9.
(25.) Viana GM, Nascimento Mdo D, de Oliveira RA, Dos Santos AC, Galvão Cde S, da Silva MA. Seropreva- lence of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2014;36(1):50-3. DOI 10.5581/1516-8484.20140013.
(26.) Ita F, Mayer EF, Verdonck K, Gonzalez E, Clark D, Gotuzzo E. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection is frequent in rural communities of the southern Andes of Peru. Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;19:46-52. DOI 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.10.005.
(27.) León G, Quirós AM, López JL, Hung M, Díaz AM, Goncalves J, et al. [Seropositivity for human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II among donors at the Municipal Blood Bank of Caracas and associated risk factors]. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2003 Feb- Mar;13(2-3):117-23. Spanish.
(28.) Biglione M, Berini C. Aportes y consideraciones sobre la infección por los virus linfotrópicos humanos T Humanos tipo 1 y 2 en Argentina. Rev Argent Salud Pública. 2013 Mar;4(14):32-7.
(29.) Balcázar N, Sánchez G, Garcia-Vallejo F. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 from Tumaco, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2003 Jul;98(5):641-8. DOI 10.1590/ S0074-02762003000500010.
(30.) Zamora T, Lara Alvarez BA. Mielopatia HTLV-I. Trib Méd. 1995 Jun;91(6):315-24.
(31.) Salcedo-Cifuentes M, Domínguez M, García-Vallejo F. Epidemiología genómica y paraparesia espástica tropical asociada a la infección por el virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo 1. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2011;30(5):422-30.
(32.) Martínez-Nieto O, Isaza-Ruget M, Rangel-Espinosa N, Morales-Reyes O. Seroprevalencia de Anticuerpos para Virus Linfotrópicos Humanos (HTLV I/II) en donantes de sangre de una Clínica de Bogotá, Colombia. 1999-2004. Rev Salud Pública. 2007;9(2):253-61.
(33.) Blank A. Anticuerpos Anti-HTLV-I/II en una población del Amazonas colombiano. Iatreia. 2004;17(Supl 3):300–1.
(34.) Díaz CJ, Valencia M. Manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas con el HTLV-1. Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol. 2014 Ene;22(1):67-73.
(35.) Medina EA, Orduz R, Morales OL, Martínez O, Bal- dión M, Isaza MA. Leucemia/linfoma T del adulto en pacientes infectados con HTLV-1: reporte de dos casos de Colombia. Biomédica. 2013;33(4):519–25. DOI 10.7705/biomedica.v33i4.1429.
(36.) Quintana M, Villalobos J, Domínguez MC, Tamayo O, Vallejo-García F. Estudio de la seroprevalencia de la infección por los virus linfotrópicos humanos (HTLV) I y II en poblaciones del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Colomb Med. 2001;35(1):22-30.
(37.) Rosero Solarte F, Aguirre Castañeda C, Rosero Solarte M, Orjuela Zuluaga DL, Rosero Solarte A. Paraparesia espástica tropical en un paciente con HTLV-I. Neurolog Argent. 2011 Oct-Dic;3(4):229-33. DOI 10.1016/j.neuarg.2011.04.003.
(38.) Zamora T, Nemeth J, Zaninovic V. Paraparesia espástica tropical , artropatía inflamatoria crónica, lesión cerebral y carcinoma de vejiga en una paciente con HTLV-I. Acta Neurol Colomb. 2002 Mar;18(1):66-8.
(39.) Arango C, Maloney E, Rugeles MT, Bernal E, Bernal C, Borrero I, et al. HTLV-I and HTLV-II coexist among the Embera and Inga Amerindians of Colombia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999 Jan;20(1):102-3.
(40.) Poveda-Jaramillo R, Pacheco Pacheco A, Martínez A. Paraparesia espástica tropical y anestesia: reporte de caso y revisión temática. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2012 May;40(2):162-6. DOI 10.1016/S0120-3347(12)70034-5.
(41.) Sanhueza D, Ramírez E, Navarrete N, Santander E, Garmendia ML, Martínez MJ. Detección de virus linfotrópico de células T humano-I/II en pacientes con enfermedades de transmisión sexual de Santiago. Rev Med Chile. 2012 Oct;140(10):1239-44. DOI 10.4067/S0034-98872012001000001.
(42.) Barcellos NT, Kreitchmann R, Fuchs SC. Comments on the brief report “Provirus load in breast milk and risk of mother-to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I”. J Infect Dis. 2005 May;191(10):1780.
(43.) Biggar RJ, Ng J, Kim N, Hisada M, Li HC, Cranston B, et al. Human leukocyte antigen concordance and the transmission risk via breast-feeding of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I. J Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;193(2):277-82.
(44.) Carod-Artal FJ. Inmunopatogénesis y tratamiento de la mielopatía asociada al virus linfotrópico humano de células T (HTLV-I). Rev Neurol. 2009;48(3):147-55.
(45.) Ribeiro MA, Martins ML, Teixeira C, Ladeira R, Oliveira Mde F, Januário JN, et al. Blocking vertical transmission of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 through breastfeeding interruption. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Nov;31(11):1139-43. DOI 10.1097/INF.0b013e318263215e.
(46.) Gotuzzo E. Risk of transfusion-transmitted human T- cell lymphotropic virus-type I in Latin America. Int J Infect Dis. 2000;4(2):59-61.
(47.) Kashiwagi K, Furusyo N, Nakashima H, Kubo N, Kinukawa N, Kashiwagi S, et al. A decrease in mother- to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in Okinawa, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004 Feb;70(2):158-63.
(48.) Boxus M, Willems L. Mechanisms of HTLV-1 persistence and transformation. Br J Cancer. 2009 Nov;101(9):1497-501. DOI 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605345.
(49.) Kannian P, Green PL. Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis. Viruses. 2010 Sep;2(9):2037-77. DOI 10.3390/v2092037.
(50.) García Vallejo F. Caracterización Molecular y Genómica del Proceso de Integración de Provirus del Virus Linfotrófico Humano (HTLV) Tipo I. Rev Acad Colomb Cienc. 2006 Jun;30(115):155-70.
(51.) Fuzii HT, da Silva Dias GA, de Barros RJ, Falcão LF, Quaresma JA. Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1-assoaciated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/ TSP). Life Sci. 2014 May;104(1-2):9-14. DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.025.
(52.) Jones KS, Green PL. Cloaked virus slips between cells. Nat Med. 2010 Jan;16(1):25-7. DOI 10.1038/nm0110-25.
(53.) Nejmeddine M, Bangham CR. The HTLV-1 Virological Synapse. Viruses. 2010 Jul;2(7):1427-47. DOI 10.3390/v2071427.
(54.) McKendall R. Neurologic disease due to HTLV-1 infection. In: Tselis G, Booss J, editors. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 3a ed. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2014. p. 507-30.
(55.) Malbec M, Roesch F, Schwartz O. A new role for the HTLV-1 p8 protein: increasing intercellular conduits and viral cell-to-cell transmission. Viruses. 2011 Mar;3(3):254-9. DOI 10.3390/v3030254.
(56.) Tabakin-Fix Y, Azran I, Schavinky-Khrapunsky Y, Levy O, Aboud M. Functional inactivation of p53 by hu- man T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein: mechanisms and clinical implications. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Apr;27(4):673-81.
(57.) Satou Y, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1 and the host immune system: how the virus disrupts immune regulation, leading to HTLV-1 associated diseases. J Clin Exp Hematop. 2010;50(1):1-8.
(58.) Zhao T, Matsuoka M. HBZ and its roles in HTLV-1 oncogenesis. Front Microbiol. 2012 Jul;3:247. DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00247.
(59.) Mosley A, Bangham C. A new hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Biosci Hypotheses. 2009;2(3):118-24. DOI 10.1016/j.bihy.2009.02.003.
(60.) Araujo AQ, Silva MT. The HTLV-1 neurological complex. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Dec;5(12):1068-76.
(61.) Araujo AQ. Update on Neurological Manifestations of HTLV-1 Infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2015 Feb;17(2):459. DOI 10.1007/s11908-014-0459-0.
(62.) Sá KN, Macêdo MC, Andrade RP, Mendes SD, Mart- ins JV, Baptista AF. Physiotherapy for human T-lym- photropic virus 1-associated myelopathy: review of the literature and future perspectives. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2015 Feb;8:117-25. DOI 10.2147/JMDH.S71978.
(63.) Alarcón Guzmán T, Hidalgo SC, Aguirre Navarrete R, Diaz Calderón E, Santibañez VR, Navas PC. Manifestaciones neurológicas en infección por HTLV-I. Rev Mex Neuroci. 2007;8(3):234-40.
(64.) Tanajura D, Castro N, Oliveira P, Neto A, Muniz A, Carvalho NB, et al. Neurological Manifestations in Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)- Infected Individuals Without HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Jul;61(1):49-56. DOI 10.1093/cid/civ229.
(65.) Primo JR, Brites C, Oliveira Mde F, Moreno-Carvalho O, Machado M, Bittencourt AL. Infective dermatitis and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in childhood and adolescence. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Aug;41(4):535-41.
(66.) Olindo S, Cabre P, Lézin A, Merle H, Saint-Vil M, Signate A, et al. Natural history of human T-lymphotropic virus 1-associated myelopathy: a 14-year follow-up study. Arch Neurol. 2006 Nov;63(11):1560-6.
(67.) Pías-Peleteiro L, Pías-Peleteiro JM, Arias M. Paraparesia espástica tropical en una región no tropical. Rev Neurol. 2015 Oct;61(8):357-62.
(68.) Araújo AQ, Leite AC, Lima MA, Silva MT. HTLV-1 and neurological conditions: when to suspect and when to order a diagnostic test for HTLV-1 infection? Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009 Mar;67(1):132-8.
(69.) Morgan OS, Rodgers-Johnson P, Mora C, Char G. HTLV-1 and polymyositis in Jamaica. Lancet. 1989 Nov;2(8673):1184-7.
(70.) Wiley CA, Nerenberg M, Cros D, Soto-Aguilar MC. HTLV-I polymyositis in a patient also infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr;320(15):992-5.
(71.) Smadja D, Bellance R, Cabre P, Arfi S, Vernant JC. Clinical characteristics of HTLV-1 associated derma-to-polymyositis. Seven cases from Martinique. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995 Sep;92(3):206-12.
(72.) Gilbert DT, Morgan O, Smikle MF, Simeon D, Barton EN. HTLV-1 associated polymyositis in Jamaica. Acta Neurol Scand. 2001 Aug;104(2):101-4.
(73.) Moreno C, Balangero M, Barbás MG, Cudolá A, Gallego S. Diagnóstico serológico de HTLV-1/2: combinación de técnicas de tamizaje para definir el estatus serológico en donantes de sangre. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2013 Sept;45(3):165-8.
(74.) Coutinho R Jr, Grassi MF, Korngold AB, Olavarria VN, Galvão-Castro B, Mascarenhas RE. Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load induces activation of T-lymphocytes in asymptomatic carriers. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Aug;14:453. DOI 10.1186/1471-2334-14-453.
(75.) Tattermusch S, Bangham CR. HTLV-1 infection: what determines the risk of inflammatory disease? Trends Microbiol. 2012 Oct;20(10):494-500. DOI 10.1016/j.tim.2012.07.004.
(76.) Scientific Group on HTLV-I Infections and Associated Diseases, Kagoshima, Japan 10–15 December 1988: report. Manila, Philippines: WHO; 1989.
(77.) De Castro-Costa CM, Araújo AQ, Barreto MM, Takayanagui OM, Sohler MP, da Silva EL, et al. Proposal for diagnostic criteria of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006 Oct;22(10):931-5.
(78.) Taylor GP, Goon P, Furukawa Y, Green H, Barfield A, Mosley A, et al. Zidovudine plus lamivudine in Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type-I-associated myelopathy: a randomised trial. Retrovirology. 2006 Sep;3:63.
(79.) Macchi B, Balestrieri E, Ascolani A, Hilburn S, Martin F, Mastino A, et al. Susceptibility of primary HTLV-1 isolates from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Viruses. 2011 May;3(5):469-83. DOI 10.3390/v3050469.
(80.) Seegulam ME, Ratner L. Integrase inhibitors effective against human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 May;55(5):2011-7. DOI 10.1128/AAC.01413-10.
(81.) Treviño A, Parra P, Bar-Magen T, Garrido C, de Mendoza C, Soriano V. Antiviral effect of raltegravir on HTLV-1 carriers. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jan;67(1):218-21. DOI 10.1093/jac/dkr404.
(82.) Yamauchi J, Coler-Reilly A, Sato T, Araya N, Yagishita N, Ando H, et al. Mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, targets human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to treat associated myelopathy. J Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;211(2):238-48. DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiu438.
(83.) Lezin A, Gillet N, Olindo S, Signaté A, Grandvaux N, Verlaeten O, et al. Histone deacetylase mediated transcriptional activation reduces proviral loads in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic para- paresis patients. Blood. 2007 Nov;110(10):3722-8.
(84.) Belrose G, Gross A, Olindo S, Lézin A, Dueymes M, Komla-Soukha I, et al. Effects of valproate on Tax and HBZ expression in HTLV-1 and HAM/TSP T lymphocytes. Blood. 2011 Sep;118(9):2483-91. DOI 10.1182/blood-2010-11-321364.
(85.) Martin F, Taylor GP. Prospects for the management of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy. AIDS Rev. 2011 Jul-Sep;13(3):161-70.
(86.) Boostani R, Vakili R, Hosseiny SS, Shoeibi A, Fazeli B, Etemadi MM, et al. Triple Therapy with Prednisolone, Pegylated Interferon and Sodium Valproate Improves Clinical Outcome and Reduces Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Proviral Load, Tax and HBZ mRNA Expression in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical. Neurotherapeutics. 2015 Oct;12(4):887-95. DOI 10.1007/s13311-015-0369-3.
(87.) Nakamura T, Matsuo T, Fukuda T, Yamato S, Yamaguchi K, Kinoshita I, et al. Efficacy of prosultiamine treatment in patients with human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: results from an open-label clinical trial. BMC Med. 2013 Aug;11:182. DOI 10.1186/1741-7015-11-182.
(88.) Colombia. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Resolución Número 000437 de 2014, febrero 14, por la cual se establece la práctica obligatoria de pruebas de anticuerpos contra el Virus Linfotrópico de Células T Humanas I/II (HTLV I/II) y la detección de anticuerpos contra el Antígeno Core del Virus de la Hepatitis B (Anti HBc). Bogotá: El Ministerio; 2014.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2017 Iatreia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Los artículos publicados en la revista están disponibles para ser utilizados bajo la licencia Creative Commons, específicamente son de Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
Los trabajos enviados deben ser inéditos y suministrados exclusivamente a la Revista; se exige al autor que envía sus contribuciones presentar los formatos: presentación de artículo y responsabilidad de autoría completamente diligenciados.