Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.v31n3a04Keywords:
electric stimulation therapy, neurosurgery, Parkinson diseaseAbstract
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is considered the second cause of neurodegenerative disease, in which motor signs and symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability are highlighted, accompanied by non-motor symptoms such as sleep, autonomic, cognitive, gastrointestinal among others disturbances. The pharmacological treatment of the disease at the beginning is usually useful, but when the symptoms persist, the treatment fails or its adverse reactions are not tolerated, it is necessary to consider alternatives such as deep brain stimulation.
Methodology: This is a narrative review with emphasis on the clinical aspects of deep brain stimulation therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Discussion: Deep brain stimulation is a surgical technique in which electrodes are implanted in specific brain regions, usually the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus interna or ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, and are connected to a subcutaneous pacemaker from which the activity of these areas is modulated electrically. This therapy has been shown to be cost-effective, provides considerable benefits in improving the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and has clinical evidence in patients who have been correctly selected.
Downloads
References
(1.) Miocinovic S, Somayajula S, Chitnis S, Vitek JL. History, applications, and mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. JAMA Neurol. 2013 Feb;70(2):163-71. DOI 10.1001/2013.jamaneurol.45.
(2.) Sharma M, Naik V, Deogaonkar M. Emerging applications of deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg Sci. 2016 Jun;60(2):242-55.
(3.) Schuepbach WM, Rau J, Knudsen K, Volkmann J, Krack P, Timmermann L, et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb;368(7):610-22. DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1205158.
(4.) Fereshtehnejad SM, Shafieesabet M, Rahmani A, Delbari A, Lökk J. Medium-to-high prevalence of screening-detected parkinsonism in the urban area of Tehran, Iran: data from a community-based door-to-door study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015 Feb;11:321-32. DOI 10.2147/NDT.S77391.
(5.) Moreno CB, Hernández-Beltrán N, Munevar D, Gutiérrez-Álvarez AM. Central neuropathic pain in Parkinson’s disease. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain). 2012 Oct;27(8):500-3. DOI 10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.08.002.
(6.) de Lau LM, Breteler MM. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Jun;5(6):525-35.
(7.) de Rijk MC, Tzourio C, Breteler MM, Dartigues JF, Amaducci L, Lopez-Pousa S, et al. Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease in Europe: the EUROPARKINSON Collaborative Study. European Community Concerted Action on the Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Jan;62(1):10-5.
(8.) El-Tallawy HN, Farghaly WM, Shehata GA, Rageh TA, Hakeem NM, Hamed MA, et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and other types of Parkinsonism in Al Kharga district, Egypt. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1821-6. DOI 10.2147/NDT.S48318.
(9.) Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TD. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014 Nov;29(13):1583-90. DOI 10.1002/mds.25945.
(10.) Pradilla G, Boris E, Vesga A, León-Sarmiento FE; Grupo GENECO. Estudio neuroepidemiológico nacional (EPINEURO) colombiano. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2003;14(2):104-11.
(11.) Cervantes-Arriaga A, Rodríguez-Violante M, López-Ruiz M, Estrada-Bellmann I, Zuñiga-Ramírez C, Otero-Cerdeira E, et al. Caracterización de la enfermedad de Parkinson en México: estudio ReMePARK. Gac Méd Mex. 2013;149:497-501.
(12.) Torres-Ramírez L, Villafuerte-Espinoza M, Cosentino-Esquerre C, Flores-Mendoza M, Vélez-Rojas M, Suárez-Reyes R, et al. Características clínicas de la enfermedad de Parkinson en una cohorte de pacientes peruanos. Rev Per Neurol. 2012;13(1):4-9.
(13.) Lo RY, Tanner CM, Albers KB, Leimpeter AD, Fross RD, Bernstein AL, et al. Clinical features in early Parkinson disease and survival. Arch Neurol. 2009 Nov;66(11):1353-8. DOI 10.1001/archneurol.2009.221.
(14.) Kulisevsky J, Luquin M, Arbelo J, Burguera J, Carrillo F, Castro A, et al. Enfermedad de Parkinson avanzada. Características clínicas y tratamiento (parte I). Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain). 2013;28(8):503-21. DOI 10.1016/j.nrl.2013.05.001.
(15.) Wu K, Politis M, Piccini P. Parkinson disease and impulse control disorders: a review of clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Postgrad Med J. 2009 Nov;85(1009):590-6. DOI 10.1136/pgmj.2008.075820.
(16.) Das SK, Misra AK, Ray BK, Hazra A, Ghosal MK, Chaudhuri A, et al. Epidemiology of Parkinson disease in the city of Kolkata, India: a community-based study. Neurology. 2010 Oct;75(15):1362-9. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f735a7.
(17.) Duarte J, García Olmos LM, Mendoza A, Clavería LE. The natural history of Parkinson’s disease in the province of Segovia: mortality in a longitudinal study (20-year follow-up). Acta Neurol Scand. 2013 May;127(5):295-300. DOI 10.1111/ane.12003.
(18.) Forsaa EB, Larsen JP, Wentzel-Larsen T, Alves G. What predicts mortality in Parkinson disease?: a prospective population-based long-term study. Neurology. 2010 Oct;75(14):1270-6. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f61311.
(19.) Chaná P, Jiménez M, Díaz V, Juri C. Mortalidad por enfermedad de Parkinson en Chile. Rev Méd Chile. 2013 Mar;141(3):327-31. DOI 10.4067/S0034-98872013000300007.
(20.) Pérez Pastene C, Vargas Rona C, Silva Opazo J, Cortés Arancibia S. Comportamiento de la mortalidad por la Enfermedad de Parkinson en Chile en el periodo 1990-2009. Acta Neurol Colomb. 2014;30(2):97-102.
(21.) Macleod AD, Taylor KS, Counsell CE. Mortality in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Mov Disord. 2014 Nov;29(13):1615-22. DOI 10.1002/mds.25898.
(22.) Fernandes GC, Socal MP, Schuh AF, Rieder CR. Clinical and Epidemiological Factors Associated with Mortality in Parkinson’s Disease in a Brazilian Cohort. Parkinsons Dis. 2015;2015:959304. DOI 10.1155/2015/959304.
(23.) Pennington S, Snell K, Lee M, Walker R. The cause of death in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010 Aug;16(7):434-7. DOI 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.04.010.
(24.) Rodríguez-Violante M, Camacho-Ordoñez A, Cervantes-Arriaga A, González-Latapí P, Velázquez-Osuna S. Factores asociados a la calidad de vida de sujetos con enfermedad de Parkinson ya la carga en el cuidador. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain). 2015;30(5):257-63. DOI 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.01.008.
(25.) Leiknes I, Tysnes OB, Aarsland D, Larsen JP. Caregiver distress associated with neuropsychiatric problems in patients with early Parkinson’s disease: the Norwegian ParkWest study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010 Dec;122(6):418-24. DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01332.x.
(26.) McNeely ME, Duncan RP, Earhart GM. Impacts of dance on non-motor symptoms, participation, and quality of life in Parkinson disease and healthy older adults. Maturitas. 2015 Dec;82(4):336-41. DOI 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.08.002.
(27.) Yousefi B, Tadibi V, Khoei AF, Montazeri A. Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: a small scale quasi-randomised trial. Trials. 2009 Aug;10:67. DOI 10.1186/1745-6215-10-67.
(28.) Cholewa J, Boczarska-Jedynak M, Opala G. Influence of physiotherapy on severity of motor symptoms and quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2013 May-Jun;47(3):256-62.
(29.) Pla Casamitjana C, García S, Zárate Méndez A, Hernández Salazar M, Sauri Suárez S, Meza Dávalos E, et al. Calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson y estimulación cerebral profunda. Med Int Mex. 2007;23:7-14.
(30.) Perestelo-Pérez L, Rivero-Santana A, Pérez-Ramos J, Serrano-Pérez P, Panetta J, Hilarion P. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol. 2014 Nov;261(11):2051-60. DOI 10.1007/s00415-014-7254-6.
(31.) Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M, Hur K, Harris C, Marks WJ Jr, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Jan;301(1):63-73. DOI 10.1001/jama.2008.929.
(32.) Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, Ravina B, Seppi K, Coelho M, et al. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011 Oct;26 Suppl 3:S2-41. DOI 10.1002/mds.23829.
(33.) Okun MS. Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1529-38. DOI 10.1056/NEJMct1208070.
(34.) Hickey P, Stacy M. Deep Brain Stimulation: A Paradigm Shifting Approach to Treat Parkinson’s Disease. Front Neurosci. 2016 Apr;10:173. DOI 10.3389/fnins.2016.00173.
(35.) Gionfriddo MR, Greenberg AJ, Wahegaonkar AL, Lee KH. Pathways of translation: deep brain stimulation. Clin Transl Sci. 2013 Dec;6(6):497-501. DOI 10.1111/cts.12055. Erratum in: Clin Transl Sci. 2014 Jun;7(3):284.
(36.) Pote I, Torkamani M, Kefalopoulou ZM, Zrinzo L, Limousin-Dowsey P, Foltynie T, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces impulsive action when patients with Parkinson’s disease act under speed pressure. Exp Brain Res. 2016 Jul;234(7):1837-1848. DOI 10.1007/s00221-016-4577-9.
(37.) Xie CL, Shao B, Chen J, Zhou Y, Lin SY, Wang WW. Effects of neurostimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease patients on motor symptoms: A multipletreatments meta-analysas of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2016 May;6:25285. DOI 10.1038/srep25285.
(38.) Okun MS, Gallo BV, Mandybur G, Jagid J, Foote KD, Revilla FJ, et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation with a constant-current device in Parkinson’s disease: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Feb;11(2):140-9. DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70308-8. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2012 Mar;11(3):208.
(39.) Williams A, Gill S, Varma T, Jenkinson C, Quinn N, Mitchell R, et al. Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Jun;9(6):581-91. DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70093-4.
(40.) DeLong MR, Wichmann T. Basal Ganglia Circuits as Targets for Neuromodulation in Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Nov;72(11):1354-60. DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2397.
(41.) Damier P, Hirsch EC, Agid Y, Graybiel AM. The substantia nigra of the human brain. II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 1999 Aug;122 ( Pt 8):1437-48.
(42.) Sarkar S, Raymick J, Imam S. Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Jun;17(6). pii: E904. DOI 10.3390/ijms17060904.
(43.) Calabresi P, Picconi B, Tozzi A, Ghiglieri V, Di Filippo M. Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal. Nat Neurosci. 2014 Aug;17(8):1022-30. DOI 10.1038/nn.3743.
(44.) DeLong MR, Wichmann T. Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia. Arch Neurol. 2007 Jan;64(1):20-4.
(45.) Gerfen CR, Surmeier DJ. Modulation of striatal projection systems by dopamine. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:441-66. DOI 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113641.
(46.) Alhourani A, McDowell MM, Randazzo MJ, Wozny TA, Kondylis ED, Lipski WJ, et al. Network effects of deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 2015 Oct;114(4):2105-17. DOI 10.1152/jn.00275.2015.
(47.) Kahan J, Urner M, Moran R, Flandin G, Marreiros A, Mancini L, et al. Resting state functional MRI in Parkinson’s disease: the impact of deep brain stimulation on ‘effective’ connectivity. Brain. 2014 Apr;137(Pt 4):1130-44. DOI 10.1093/brain/awu027.
(48.) Kalbe E, Voges J, Weber T, Haarer M, Baudrexel S, Klein JC, et al. Frontal FDG-PET activity correlates with cognitive outcome after STN-DBS in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2009 Jan;72(1):42-9. DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000338536.31388.f0.
(49.) Le Jeune F, Drapier D, Bourguignon A, Péron J, Mesbah H, Drapier S, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease induces apathy: a PET study. Neurology. 2009 Nov;73(21):1746-51. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c34b34.
(50.) Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, Hur K, Harris CL, Luo P, et el. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun;362(22):2077-91. DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0907083.
(51.) Mure H, Hirano S, Tang CC, Isaias IU, Antonini A, Ma Y, et al. Parkinson’s disease tremor-related metabolic network: characterization, progression, and treatment effects. Neuroimage. 2011 Jan;54(2):1244-53. DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.028.
(52.) Pandey S, Sarma N. Deep brain stimulation: current status. Neurol India. 2015 Jan-Feb;63(1):9-18. DOI 10.4103/0028-3886.152623.
(53.) Anderson D, Beecher G, Ba F. Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: New and Emerging Targets for Refractory Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms. Parkinsons Dis. 2017;2017:5124328. DOI 10.1155/2017/5124328.
(54.) Perlmutter JS, Mink JW. Deep brain stimulation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2006;29:229-57.
(55.) Agnesi F, Johnson MD, Vitek JL. Deep brain stimulation: how does it work? Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;116:39-54. DOI 10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00004-8.
(56.) van Hartevelt TJ, Cabral J, Deco G, Møller A, Green AL, Aziz TZ, et al. Neural plasticity in human brain connectivity: the effects of long term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2014 Jan;9(1):e86496. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0086496.
(57.) Ashkan K, Rogers P, Bergman H, Ughratdar I. Insights into the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017 Sep;13(9):548-554. DOI 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.105.
(58.) Yoritaka A, Fukae J, Hatano T, Oda E, Hattori N. The Direct Cost of Parkinson Disease at Juntendo Medical University Hospital, Japan. Intern Med. 2016;55(2):113-9. DOI 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.4484.
(59.) Findley LJ. The economic impact of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007 Sep;13 Suppl:S8-S12.
(60.) Dams J, Siebert U, Bornschein B, Volkmann J, Deuschl G, Oertel WH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013 Jun;28(6):763-71. DOI 10.1002/mds.25407.
(61.) Valldeoriola F, Morsi O, Tolosa E, Rumià J, Martí MJ, Martínez-Martín P. Prospective comparative study on cost-effectiveness of subthalamic stimulation and best medical treatment in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007 Nov;22(15):2183-91.
(62.) Zhu XL, Chan DT, Lau CK, Poon WS, Mok VC, Chan AY, et al. Cost-effectiveness of subthalmic nucleus deep brain stimulation for the treatment of advanced Parkinson disease in Hong Kong: a prospective study. World Neurosurg. 2014 Dec;82(6):987-93. DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.08.051.
(63.) Kawamoto Y, Mouri M, Taira T, Iseki H, Masamune K. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease in Japan. World Neurosurg. 2016 May;89:628-635.e1. DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.062.
(64.) Eggington S, Valldeoriola F, Chaudhuri KR, Ashkan K, Annoni E, Deuschl G. The cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation in combination with best medical therapy, versus best medical therapy alone, in advanced Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2014 Jan;261(1):106-
DOI 10.1007/s00415-013-7148-z.
(65.) Mandat T, Tykocki T, Koziara H, Koziorowski D, Brodacki B, Rola R, et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2011 Jan-Feb;45(1):32-6.
(66.) Sharma A, Szeto K, Desilets AR. Efficacy and safety of deep brain stimulation as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Feb;46(2):248-54. DOI 10.1345/aph.1Q508.
(67.) Parent B, Awan N, Berman SB, Suski V, Moore R, Crammond D, et al. The relevance of age and disease duration for intervention with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation surgery in Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg. 2011 Apr;114(4):927-31. DOI 10.3171/2010.10.JNS10756.
(68.) Vergani F, Landi A, Pirillo D, Cilia R, Antonini A, Sganzerla EP. Surgical, medical, and hardware adverse events in a series of 141 patients undergoing subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. World Neurosurg. 2010 Apr;73(4):338-44. DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.01.017.
(69.) Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, Krack P, Volkmann J, Pinsker MO, et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, multicenter study. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Jul;7(7):605-14. DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70114-5.
(70.) Rothlind JC, York MK, Carlson K, Luo P, Marks WJ, Jr., Weaver FM, et al. Neuropsychological changes following deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson’s disease: comparisons of treatment at pallidal and subthalamic targets versus best medical therapy. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2015;86(6):622-9.
(71.) Odekerken VJ, Boel JA, Geurtsen GJ, Schmand BA, Dekker IP, de Haan RJ, et al. Neuropsychological outcome after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2015 Mar;84(13):1355-61. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001419.
(72.) Kim HJ, Jeon BS, Yun JY, Kim YE, Yang HJ, Paek SH. Initial cognitive dip after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. J Neurol. 2013 Aug;260(8):2130-3. DOI 10.1007/s00415-013-6959-2.
(73.) Krack P, Hariz MI. Parkinson disease: deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease-what went wrong? Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Oct;6(10):535-6. DOI 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.141.
(74.) Umemura A, Oka Y, Ohkita K, Yamawaki T, Yamada K. Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on postural abnormality in Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg. 2010 Jun;112(6):1283-8. DOI 10.3171/2009.10.JNS09917.
(75.) Bannier S, Montaurier C, Derost PP, Ulla M, Lemaire JJ, Boirie Y, et al. Overweight after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease: long term follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 May;80(5):484-8. DOI 10.1136/jnnp.2008.158576.
(76.) Zibetti M, Rosso M, Cinquepalmi A, Lanotte M, Angrisano S, Rabbia C, et al. Asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2010;88(2):94-7. DOI 10.1159/000280821.
(77.) McGovern RA, Sheehy JP, Zacharia BE, Chan AK, Ford B, McKhann GM 2nd. Unchanged safety outcomes in deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson disease despite a decentralization of care. J Neurosurg. 2013 Dec;119(6):1546-55. DOI 10.3171/2013.8.JNS13475.
(78.) Buhmann C, Huckhagel T, Engel K, Gulberti A, Hidding U, Poetter-Nerger M, et al. Adverse events in deep brain stimulation: A retrospective long-term analysis of neurological, psychiatric and other occurrences. PLoS One. 2017 Jul;12(7):e0178984. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0178984.
(79.) Cooper SE, McIntyre CC, Fernandez HH, Vitek JL. Association of deep brain stimulation washout effects with Parkinson disease duration. JAMA Neurol. 2013 Jan;70(1):95-9. DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.581.
(80.) Pollak P. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease - patient selection. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;116:97-105. DOI 10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00009-7.
(81.) Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues. Arch Neurol. 2011 Feb;68(2):165. DOI 10.1001/archneurol.2010.260.
(82.) Moldovan AS, Groiss SJ, Elben S, Südmeyer M, Schnitzler A, Wojtecki L. The treatment of Parkinson’s disease with deep brain stimulation: current issues. Neural Regen Res. 2015 Jul;10(7):1018-22. DOI 10.4103/1673-5374.160094.
(83.) Morgante L, Morgante F, Moro E, Epifanio A, Girlanda P, Ragonese P, et al. How many parkinsonian patients are suitable candidates for deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus? Results of a questionnaire. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007 Dec;13(8):528-31.
(84.) Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schäfer H, Bötzel K, et al. A randomized trial of deepbrain stimulation for Parkinson’s isease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 31;355(9):896-908. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep;355(12):1289.
(85.) Tramontana MG, Molinari AL, Konrad PE, Davis TL, Wylie SA, Neimat JS, et al. Neuropsychological effects of deep brain stimulation in subjects with early stage Parkinson’s disease in a randomized clinical trial. J Parkinsons Dis. 2015;5(1):151-63. DOI 10.3233/JPD-140448.
(86.) Charles D, Konrad PE, Neimat JS, Molinari AL, Tramontana MG, Finder SG, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in early stage Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014 Jul;20(7):731-7. DOI 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.03.019.
(87.) Chang C, Li N, Wu Y, Geng N, Ge S, Wang J, et al. Associations between bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease patients: a controlled study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012 Summer;24(3):316-25. DOI 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11070170.
(88.) Kurtis MM, Rajah T, Delgado LF, Dafsari HS. The effect of deep brain stimulation on the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: a critical review of the current evidence. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2017 Jan;3:16024. DOI 10.1038/npjparkd.2016.24.
(89.) St George RJ, Carlson-Kuhta P, Burchiel KJ, Hogarth P, Frank N, Horak FB. The effects of subthalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation on postural responses in patients with Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg. 2012 Jun;116(6):1347-56. DOI 10.3171/2012.2.JNS11847.
(90.) Odekerken VJ, Boel JA, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ, Figee M, van den Munckhof P, et al. GPi vs STN deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: Three-year follow-up. Neurology. 2016 Feb;86(8):755-61. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002401.
(91.) Odekerken VJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, Mosch A, Hoffmann CF, Nijssen PC, et al. Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Jan;12(1):37-44. DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70264-8.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Iatreia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Papers published in the journal are available for use under the Creative Commons license, specifically Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
The papers must be unpublished and sent exclusively to the Journal Iatreia; the author uploading the contribution is required to submit two fully completed formats: article submission and authorship responsibility.