Experimental framework for laboratory scale microgrids
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.n81a02Keywords:
microgrid, smart grids, distributed resourcesAbstract
This paper presents a proposal for a microgrid test rig for laboratory use. It aims at high flexibility using a modular approach with a common hardware for most of the tasks. The proposed framework for laboratory scale microgrid addresses the requirements for teaching and research. This objective is attained with a reconfigurable power electronics stage, used for test and design of new topologies. The experimental framework also allows testing algorithms at different levels in the hierarchical control structure, while giving access to emulation and simulation of elements commonly found in microgrids and to low-level programming of communication protocols for studying the communications channel. The processing unit in each module, called local controller in the paper, uses a high performance digital signal processor (DSP). This processing unit allows reconfiguration of each module, to assume any of the tasks in the microgrid, i.e. controllable loads, storage, wind, photovoltaic generation, etc. The proposed hardware was tested as a simulator/emulator of the different subsystems. The communications with a microgrid central controller (MCC) is provided with standard embedded processors, capable of implementing the communication protocols suitable for micro-grid environments.
Downloads
References
Varun, I. Bhat, and R. Prakash, “LCA of renewable energy for electricity generation systems—a review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1067-1073, 2009.
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2014 FACTSHEET. [Online]. Available: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2014/WEO2014FactSheets.pdf. Accessed on: Mar. 12, 2016.
D. Cornforth, A. Berry, and T. Moore, “Building a microgrid laboratory,” in IEEE 8th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE & ECCE), Jeju, South Korea, 2011, pp. 2035–2042.
R. Lasseter et al., “Certs microgrid laboratory test bed,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 325–332, 2011.
S. Krishnamurthy, T. Jahns, and R. Lasseter, “The operation of diesel gensets in a certs microgrid,” in IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh, USA, 2008, pp. 1–8.
R. Lasseter and P. Paigi, “Microgrid: a conceptual solution,” in IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), Aachen, Germany, 2004, pp. 4285–4290.
R. Panora, J. Gehret, and P. Piagi, “Design and testing of an inverter-based combined heat and power module for special application in a microgrid,” in IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, USA, 2007, pp. 1–8.
Opal-RT Technologies, Opal-RT Technologies. [Online]. Available: http://www.opalrt.com. Accessed on: Mar. 14, 2016.
F. Guo et al., “Real time simulation for the study on smart grid,” in IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Phoenix, USA, 2011, pp. 1013–1018.
P. Parikh, M. Kanabar, and T. Sidhu, “Opportunities and challenges of wireless communication technologies for smart grid applications,” in IEEE Power and Energy Soc. General Meeting, Minneapolis, USA, 2010, pp. 1–7.
M. Kezunovic, “Teaching the smart grid fundamentals using modeling, simulation, and hands-on laboratory experiments,” in IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Minneapolis, USA, 2010, pp. 1–6.
OPNET Technologies, Inc., OPNET Modeler, OPNET Technologies. [Online]. Available: http://www.opnet.com. Accessed on: Mar. 14, 2016.
E. Prieto, M. Cheah, R. Villafafila, O. Gomis, and A. Junyent, “Development of a laboratory platform for testing new solutions to integrate renewable energy sources in power systems,” in 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE), Lille, France, 2013, pp. 1–10.
M. Liu, Z. Ding, F. Quilumba, W. J. Lee, and D. Wetz, “Using a microgrid test bed to evaluate the strategies for seamless renewable energy integration,” in IEEE/IAS 50th Industrial & Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS), Fort Worth, USA, 2014, pp. 1–9.
Y. Che, Z. Yang, and K. Cheng, “Construction, operation and control of a laboratory-scale microgrid,” in 3rd Int. Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA), Hong Kong, China, 2009, pp. 1–5.
C. Wang et al., “A highly integrated and reconfigurable microgrid testbed with hybrid distributed energy sources,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 451–459, 2016.
M. Rasheduzzaman, B. Chowdhury, and S. Bhaskara, “Converting an old machines lab into a functioning power network with a microgrid for education,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1952–1962, 2014.
M. Barnes et al., “Microgrid laboratory facilities,” in International Conference on Future Power Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2005, pp. 1–6.
J. Weimer et al., “A virtual laboratory for micro-grid information and communication infrastructures,” in 3rd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), Berlin, Germany, 2012, pp. 1–6.
F. Katiraei, C. Abbey, S. Tang, and M. Gauthier, “Planned islanding on rural feeders 2014; utility perspective,” in IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh, USA, 2008, pp. 1–6.
N. Lidula and A. Rajapakse, “Microgrids research: A review of experimental microgrids and test systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 186–202, 2011.
P. Nguyen, W. Kling, and P. Ribeiro, “Smart power router: A flexible agent-based converter interface in active distribution networks,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 487–495, 2011.
I. Mitra, T. Degner, and M. Braun, “Distributed generation and microgrids for small island electrification in developing countries: a review,” Solar Energy Society of India, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 6–20, 2008.
I. Araki, M. Tatsunokuchi, H. Nakahara, and T. Tomita, “Bifacial {PV} system in aichi airport-site demonstrative research plant for new energy power generation,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 93, no. 6–7, pp. 911-916, 2009.
S. Morozumi, H. Nakama, and N. Inoue, “Demonstration projects for grid-connection issues in Japan,” e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, vol. 125, no. 12, pp. 426–431, 2008.
H. Hatta and H. Kobayashi, “A study of centralized voltage control method for distribution system with distributed generation,” in 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Vienna, Austria, 2007, pp. 1–4.
M. Meiqin et al., “Testbed for microgrid with multi-energy generators,” in Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Niagara Falls, Canada, 2008, pp. 637-640.
R. Ray, D. Chatterjee, and S. Goswami, “Reduction of voltage harmonics using optimisation-based combined approach,” IET Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 334–344, 2010.
F. Huerta, J. K. Gruber, M. Prodanovic, and P. Matatagui, “Power-hardware-in-the-loop test beds: evaluation tools for grid integration of distributed energy resources,” IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 18–26, 2016.
S. Rajakaruna and S. Islam, “Building a state of the art laboratory for teaching and research in renewable electric energy systems and microgrids,” in IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego, USA, 2011, pp. 1–6.
D. Mah, P. Hills, V. Li, and R. Balme, Smart Grid Applications and Developments, 1st ed. London, UK: Springer, 2014.
T. Kerekes, M. Liserre, R. Teodorescu, C. Klumpner, and M. Sumner, “Evaluation of three-phase transformerless photovoltaic inverter topologies,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 2202–2211, 2009.
T. Schütze, G. Borghoff, M. Wissen, and A. Höhn, Defining the future of IGBT high-power modules [Online]. Available: http://electronicsmaker.com/defining-the-future-of-igbt-high-power-modules. Accessed on: Mar. 15, 2016.
A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, “A new neutral-point-clamped pwm inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. IA-17, no. 5, pp. 518–523, 1981.
F. Z. Peng, “Z-source inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 504–510, 2003.
F. Peng, X. Yuan, X. Fang, and Z. Qian, “Z-source inverter for adjustable speed drives,” IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 33–35, 2003.
M. Hanif, M. Basu, and K. Gaughan, “Understanding the operation of a z-source inverter for photovoltaic application with a design example,” IET Power Electronics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 278–287, 2011.
L. Yang, D. Qiu, B. Zhang, and G. Zhang, “High-performance quasi-z-source inverter with low capacitor voltage stress and small inductance,” IET Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1061–1067, 2015.
J. Khajesalehi, K. Sheshyekani, M. Hamzeh, and E. Afjei, “High-performance hybrid photovoltaic -battery system based on quasi-z-source inverter: application in microgrids,” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 895–902, 2015.
M. K. Nguyen, Y. C. Lim, and S. J. Park, “A comparison between single-phase quasi- z -source and quasi-switched boost inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 6336–6344, 2015.
Analog Devices, Inc., ADSP-21369 EZ-KIT Lite Evaluation System Manual, 2nd ed. Norwood, Massachusetts, USA: Analog Devices, 2012.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), IEEE draft standard profile for use of IEEE 1588 precision time protocol in power system applications, IEEE Standard PC37.238/D6, 2014.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Communication networks and systems for power utility automation - Part 1: Introduction and overview, Standard IEC-61850-1:2013, 2013.
J. Restrepo, J. Aller, J. Viola, A. Bueno, and T. G. Habetler, “Optimum space vector computation technique for direct power control,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1637–1645, 2009.
M. Aredes, H. Akagi, E. Watanabe, E. Vergara, and L. Encarnacao, “Comparisons between the p–q and p–q–r theories in three-phase four-wire systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 924–933, 2009.
S. Pekarek, O. Wasynczuk, and H. Hegner, “An efficient and accurate model for the simulation and analysis of synchronous machine/converter systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 42–48, 1998.
J. M. Aller, Máquinas eléctricas rotativas: Introducción a la teoría general, 1st ed. Caracas, Venezuela: Equinoccio, 2006.
P. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, and S. Pekarek, “Synchronous Machines,” in Electromechanical Motion Devices, 2nd ed. Piscataway, New Jersey, USA: Wiley / IEEE Press, 2012, pp. 287–343.
X. Tan, Q. Li, and H. Wang, “Advances and trends of energy storage technology in microgrid,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 179-191, 2013.
S. Piller, M. Perrin, and A. Jossen, “Methods for state-of-charge determination and their applications,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 113-120, 2001.
G. Spagnuolo et al., “Control of photovoltaic arrays: Dynamical reconfiguration for fighting mismatched conditions and meeting load requests,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 62–76, 2015.
N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, Power electronics and control techniques for maximum energy harvesting in photovoltaic systems, 1st ed. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2012.
G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Analytical model of mismatched photovoltaic fields by means of lambert w-function,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 91, no. 18, pp. 1652-1657, 2007.
M. Orozco, J. Ramírez, G. Spagnuolo, and C. Ramos, “A technique for mismatched {PV} array simulation,” Renewable Energy, vol. 55, pp. 417-427, 2013.
J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, and A. L. Rogers, Wind energy explained: theory, design and application, 3rd ed. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy: Onshore and Offshore Conversion Systems, 3rd ed. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
R. Saiju, G. Arnold, and S. Heier, “Voltage dips compensation by wind farm(s) equipped with power converters as decoupling element,” in European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Dresden, Germany, 2005, pp. 1–9.
J. Doke, Example files for “programming with MATLAB” webinar, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/43908-example-files-for--programming-with-matlab--webinar. Accessed on: Feb. 11, 2016.
A. Bidram and A. Davoudi, “Hierarchical structure of microgrids control system,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1963-1976, 2012.
J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, M. Savaghebi, J. Eloy, and R. Teodorescu, “Modeling, analysis, and design of stationary-reference-frame droop-controlled parallel three-phase voltage source inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1271–1280, 2013.
B. Sahan, S. V. Araújo, C. Nöding, and P. Zacharias, “Comparative evaluation of three-phase current source inverters for grid interfacing of distributed and renewable energy systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 2304–2318, 2011.
B. Exposto et al., “Three-phase current-source shunt active power filter with solar photovoltaic grid interface,” in IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Seville, Spain, 2015, pp. 1211–1215.
H. Han et al., “Review of power sharing control strategies for islanding operation of ac microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 200–215, 2016.
J. M. Guerrero, L. Hang, and J. Uceda, “Control of distributed uninterruptible power supply systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2845–2859, 2008.
T. Vandoorn, J. D. Kooning, B. Meersman, and L. Vandevelde, “Review of primary control strategies for islanded microgrids with power-electronic interfaces,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 19, pp. 613–628, 2013.
L. E. Luna, H. Torres, and F. A. Pavas, “Spinning reserve analysis in a microgrid,” Dyna, vol. 82, no. 192, pp. 85–93, 2015.
A. Mehrizi and R. Iravani, “Potential-function based control of a microgrid in islanded and grid-connected modes,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1883–1891, 2010.
A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, F. L. Lewis, and Z. Qu, “Secondary control of microgrids based on distributed cooperative control of multi-agent systems,” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 822–831, 2013.
M. Ding, Y. Y. Zhang, M. Q. Mao, W. Yang, and X. P. Liu, “Operation optimization for microgrids under centralized control,” in 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Hefei, China, 2010, pp. 984–987.
L. Meng, J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, F. Tang, and M. Savaghebi, “Tertiary control for optimal unbalance compensation in islanded microgrids,” in 11th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), Barcelona, Spain, 2014, pp. 1–6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
The material published in the journal can be distributed, copied and exhibited by third parties if the respective credits are given to the journal. No commercial benefit can be obtained and derivative works must be under the same license terms as the original work.
Twitter