Determining facial biotype based upon phenotypic features through structural equation modeling: a study of three ethnic groups
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfo.14625Keywords:
Anthropometry, Odontometry, Dental arches, Masticatory force, Facial height, Facial widthAbstract
Introduction: the various phenotypic characteristics may be grouped; also, their individual and collective influence may be determined when defining a biotype. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is based on causal relations so that the change in a variable is supposed to produce a change in another variable. This model was used to validate causal relations using different types of mediating variables: masticatory force, transverse measures, dental arches, bizygomatic width, and morphological face height. Methods: this study included 197 preteens between 12 and 14 years of age with dental neutroclusion, distributed like this: 33% mestizos, 35% of African descent, and 32% indigenous. The hypothetical model was statistically tested through structural equation modeling. Results: the model is well fitted to the data since goodness of fit indicators such as RMSEA = 0.078, RMR index magnitude = 0.061, and CIF = 0.988 were within the expected limits. The parameters were significant to a 5%, except for facial index with masticatory force. Factor loads ranged from 0.55 to 0.92 and negative factor loads between the facial index and dental arch transverse measures (–0.60). Conclusion: this model shows that the variable that best correlates with facial biotype is masticatory force (0.82), followed by dental arches relation (0.73), this being a moderate correlation.
Downloads
References
Broadbent B. The face of the normal child. Angle Orthod 1937; 7: 183-208.
Brodie AG. On the growth pattern of the human head. From the third month to the eighth year of life. Am J Anat 1941; 68(2): 209-262.
Björk A. The face in profile. An anthropological X-ray investigation on Swedish children and conscripts. Sven Tandlak Tidskr 1947; 40(suppl 5B): 58.
Ricketts RM. Cephalometric synthesis: an exercise in stating objectives and planning treatment with tracings of the head roentgenogram. Am J Orthod 1960; 46(9): 647-673.
Downs W. Analysis of the dentofacial profile. Angle Orthod 1956; 26: 191-212.
Chang JY, McNamara Jr. JA, Herberger TA. A longitudinal study of skeletal side effects induced by rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 112(3): 330-337.
Martin R, Saller K. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in Systematischer Darstellung. 3.a ed. Stuttgart: Verlag GF, ed.; 1957.
Lu X, Chen H, Jain A. multimodal facial gender and ethnicity identification. En: Zhang D, Jain A, eds. Advances in biometrics: Heidelberg: Springer; 2005. p. 554-561.
Lee JJ, Ramirez SG, Will MJ. Gender and racial variations in cephalometric analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117(4): 326-329.
Ramanathan N, Chellappa R, Biswas S. Computational methods for modeling facial aging: a survey. J Vis Langua Comput 2009; 20(3): 131-144.
Kiliaridis S, Engström C, Thilander B. The relationship between masticatory function and craniofacial morphology. Eur J Orthod 1985; 1985; 7(4): 273-283.
Ingervall B, Thilander B. Relation between facial morphology and activity of the masticatory muscles. J Oral Rehabil 1974; 1(2) :131-147.
Shinogaya T, Bakke M, Thomsen CE, Vilmann A, Sodeyama A, Matsumoto M. Effects of ethnicity, gender and age on clenching force and load distribution. Clin Oral Investig 2001; 5(1): 63-68.
Sondang P, Kumagai H, Tanaka E, Ozaki H, Nikawa H, Tanne K et al. Correlation between maximum bite force and craniofacial morphology of young adults in Indonesia. J Oral Rehabil 2003; 30(11): 1109-1117.
Nakatsuka M, Iwai Y, Jue SS, Oh SH, Guo L, Tominaga Y et al. A morphological study on the classification of maxillary dental arches. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2004; 81(1): 5-13.
Forster CM, Sunga E, Chung CH. Relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in untreated adults. Eur J Orthod 2008; 30(3): 288-294.
Padilla M, Tello L, Moreno F, Osorio J, Bedoya A. Analysis of dental arch dimensions in three colombian ethnic groups. Int J Morphol 2013; 31(1): 100-106.
Bedoya A, Osorio J, Tamayo J. Biotipo morfológico facial en tres grupos étnicos colombianos: una nueva clasificación por medio del índice facial. Int J Morphol 2012; 30(2): 677-682.
Heise D. Causal Analysis. New York: Wiley Interscience; 1975.
Varga S, Spalj S, Lapter Varga M, Anic Milosevic S, Mestrovic S, Slaj M. Maximum voluntary molar bite force in subjects with normal occlusion. Eur J Orthod 2011; 33(4): 427-433.
R Development Core Team. R. A language and environment for statistical computing Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2010.
Hair J, Anderson Jr R, Tathman R, Black W. Análisis multivariante. Madrid: Prentice Hall; 1999.
Rosseel Y. lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. Belgium: Ghent University; 2011.
Bagozzi R, Yi Y. Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. J Acad Market Sci 2012; 40(1): 8-34.
Kreiborg S, Jensen BL, Møller E, Björk A. Craniofacial growth in a case of congenital muscular dystrophy: a roentgencephalometric and electromyographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Ortop 1978; 74(2): 207-215.
Ingervall B, Bitsanis E. A pilot study of the effect of masticatory muscle training on facial growth in long-face children. Eur J Orthod 1987; 9(1): 15-23.
Weijs WA, Hillen B. Relationships between masticatory muscle cross-section and skull shape. J Dent Res 1984; 63(9): 1154-1157.
Gionhaku N, Lowe AA. Relationship between jaw muscle volume and craniofacial form. J Dent Res 1989; 68(5): 805-809.
Sassouni V. A classification of skeletal facial types. Am J Orthod 1969; 55(2): 109-123.
Ringqvist M. Isometric bite force and its relation to dimensions of the facial skeleton. Acta Odontol Scand 1973; 31(1): 35-42.
Throckmorton GS, Finn RA, Bell WH. Biomechanics of differences in lower facial height. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1980; 77(4) :410-420.
Proffit WR, Fields HW. Occlusal forces in normal and long-face children. J Dent Res 1983; 62(5): 571-574.
Bedoya A, Revelo G, Betancurt J, Tamayo M, Ramirez G. Association between maximum bite force and craniofacial morphology in an Amazonian population with normal dental occlusion. Orthod Sci Pract 2013; 6(22): 158-163.
Kiliaridis S. Masticatory muscle influence on craniofacial growth. Acta Odont Scand 1995; 53(3): 196-202.
Corruccini RS, Henderson AM, Kaul SS. Bite-force variation related to occlusal variation in rural and urban Punjabis (North India). Arch Oral Biol 1985; 30(1): 65-69.
Kamegay T, Tatsuki T, Nagano H, Mitsuhashi H, Kumeta J, Tatsuki Y et al. A determination of bite force in northern Japanese children. Eur J Orthod 2005; 27: 53-57.
Aragón N, Bastidas C, Bedón L, Duque P, Sánchez M, Rivera S et al. Rasgos morfológicos dentales coronales en dentición temporal y permanente: distancia biológica entre tres grupos indígenas del Amazonas colombiano. Rev Odont Mex 2008; 121: 13-28.
Mao J, Nah H.Growth and development: Hereditary and mechanical modulations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004;125: 676-689.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
Copyright comprises moral and patrimonial rights.
1. Moral rights: are born at the moment of the creation of the work, without the need to register it. They belong to the author in a personal and unrelinquishable manner; also, they are imprescriptible, unalienable and non negotiable. Moral rights are the right to paternity of the work, the right to integrity of the work, the right to maintain the work unedited or to publish it under a pseudonym or anonymously, the right to modify the work, the right to repent and, the right to be mentioned, in accordance with the definitions established in article 40 of Intellectual property bylaws of the Universidad (RECTORAL RESOLUTION 21231 of 2005).
2. Patrimonial rights: they consist of the capacity of financially dispose and benefit from the work trough any mean. Also, the patrimonial rights are relinquishable, attachable, prescriptive, temporary and transmissible, and they are caused with the publication or divulgation of the work. To the effect of publication of articles in the journal Revista de la Facultad de Odontología, it is understood that Universidad de Antioquia is the owner of the patrimonial rights of the contents of the publication.
The content of the publications is the exclusive responsibility of the authors. Neither the printing press, nor the editors, nor the Editorial Board will be responsible for the use of the information contained in the articles.
I, we, the author(s), and through me (us), the Entity for which I, am (are) working, hereby transfer in a total and definitive manner and without any limitation, to the Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia, the patrimonial rights corresponding to the article presented for physical and digital publication. I also declare that neither this article, nor part of it has been published in another journal.
Open Access Policy
The articles published in our Journal are fully open access, as we consider that providing the public with free access to research contributes to a greater global exchange of knowledge.
Creative Commons License
The Journal offers its content to third parties without any kind of economic compensation or embargo on the articles. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license, known as Attribution – NonCommercial – Share Alike (BY-NC-SA), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited and that the new productions are licensed under the same conditions.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
