Uso de fluidos orales para el monitoreo eficiente de virus Influenza en granjas porcinas en Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v35n3a02Palabras clave:
detección de enfermedades, fluidos orales, granja porcina, infección, molecular, muestreo, porcino, RT-PCR, técnica diagnóstica, vigilancia, virus de la influenza AResumen
Antecedentes: La vigilancia del virus de la gripe A (IAV) en porcino es crítica no sólo por el impacto directo de la enfermedad en la industria porcina, sino también porque los IAV son propensos a la transmisión interespecies (de humanos a cerdos y viceversa); por tanto, su seguimiento es fundamental desde el punto de vista de la salud pública y animal. Se han utilizado varias técnicas de diagnóstico para detectar la infección por IAV a partir de muestras nasales en cerdos, mientras que las muestras de fluidos orales (OF) se están utilizando como alternativas novedosas para la detección del patógeno. Los OF permiten una detección eficaz y factible de la enfermedad a bajo coste a nivel de piara, con bajo riesgo de estrés para los animales. Objetivo: Describir una estrategia de vigilancia de IAV a nivel de piara durante brotes de enfermedades respiratorias en explotaciones porcinas en entornos tropicales utilizando fluidos orales porcinos. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una estrategia de vigilancia activa en varias granjas con antecedentes de enfermedad respiratoria. La detección del IAV se llevó a cabo en cinco granjas porcinas seleccionadas intencionadamente entre los años 2014 y 2017. Se investigaron un total de 18 brotes respiratorios de la enfermedad. Se recogieron OF porcinas para las pruebas de IAV. Una muestra de OF se describe como un espécimen de corral recogido de un grupo de >20 cerdos por corral y/o por establo (estabulados individualmente con estrecho contacto entre ellos). La infección por IAV se investigó en OF mediante pruebas rRT-PCR y se confirmó mediante aislamiento viral en cultivo celular. Resultados: Se encontraron 107 (7,4%) positivos a IAV mediante rRT-PCR de un total de 1.444 muestras de OF analizadas. Además, se identificaron 9 aislados de IAV como subtipo H1. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados demuestran que la OF puede implementarse fácilmente como un método de muestreo novedoso, fácil de usar, respetuoso con el bienestar, preciso y rentable para la vigilancia activa y el seguimiento de las infecciones por IAV en explotaciones porcinas en entornos tropicales.
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