Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: actualización
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.v29n2a08Palabras clave:
diagnóstico, enfermedad de la neurona motora, epidemiología, esclerosis amiotrófica lateral, signos y síntomas, terapéuticaResumen
La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que tiene consecuencias devastadoras para el paciente y su familia. Aún no existe claridad sobre su etiología, cerca del 10% de los pacientes tienen patrón hereditario. La prevalencia mundial varía entre 2 y 11 casos por 100.000 habitantes; el rango de edad de presentación es de 58 a 63 años para los casos esporádicos, y de 47 a 52 años para los familiares, con una ligera predilección por el sexo masculino. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen signos de daño de las neuronas motoras superior e inferior tanto en las extremidades como en la musculatura bulbar, y en algunos pacientes hay deterioro cognitivo frontotemporal. El diagnóstico continúa siendo fundamentalmente clínico, apoyado por estudios neurofisiológicos; de estos, la electromiografía de aguja ha sido el más útil para el diagnóstico temprano. No existe tratamiento curativo y solo un medicamento, el riluzol, ha demostrado efectividad para retrasar el uso de ventilación mecánica y prolongar levemente la supervivencia. Por tanto, el tratamiento de estos pacientes se basa en medidas de soporte, especialmente en los aspectos de nutrición y ventilación, además de controlar los síntomas motores y no motores de la enfermedad.
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