Chronic heart failure, C stage
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.26742Keywords:
combined modality therapy, guideline, heart failureAbstract
Introduction: The stages of heart failure defined by the ACCF/AHA emphasize the development and progression of disease, while NYHA functional classification focuses on exercise capacity and symptomatic disease state. Stage C indicates patients with structural heart disease with current or prior symptoms of heart failure.
Methodology: We followed the steps defined in the Methodological Guide for the Preparation of Clinical Practice Guidelines and Economic Evaluation in the General System of Social Security of the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection to develop the clinical practice guideline based on evidence (GPC).
Results: In this issue we present the recommendations to treat chronic heart failure C stage.
Conclusion: Current drug therapy has favorably modified prognosis of heart failure patients, decreasing mortality and hospital readmission for exacerbations and improving the quality of life.
Downloads
References
(1.) Carrasquilla G, Pulido A, De la Hoz A, Mieth K, Muñoz O, Guerrero R, et al. Guía Metodológica para la elaboración de guías de práctica clínica con evaluación económica en el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud Colombiano. 2 ed. [Internet]. Bogotá: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social; 2014 [consultado 2015 Nov]. Disponible en: http://gpc.minsalud.gov.co/recursos/Documents/Gu%C3%ADa%20Metodológica_Web.pdf
(2.) Travers B, O’Loughlin C, Murphy NF, Ryder M, Conlon C, Ledwidge M, et al. Fluid restriction in the management of decompensated heart failure: no impact on time to clinical stability. J Card Fail [Internet]. 2007 Mar [cited 2015 Nov];13(2):[128-32]. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1071916406012206
(3.) Reilly CM, Higgins M, Smith A, Culler SD, Dunbar SB. Isolating the benefits of fluid restriction in patients with heart failure: A pilot study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2015 Nov];14(6): [495-505]. Available from: http://cnu.sagepub.com/content/14/6/495.full.pdf+html
(4.) Paterna S, Parrinello G, Cannizzaro S, Fasullo S, Torres D, Sarullo FM, et al. Medium term effects of different dosage of diuretic, sodium, and fluid administration on neurohormonal and clinical outcome in patients with recently compensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2016 Apr 26];103(1):[93-102]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914908014537
(5.) Paterna S, Fasullo S, Parrinello G, Cannizzaro S, Basile I, Vitrano G, et al. Short-term effects of hypertonic saline solution in acute heart failure and long-term effects of a moderate sodium restriction in patients with compensated heart failure with New York Heart Association class III (Class C) (SMAC-HF Study). Am J Med Sci [Internet]. 2011 Jul [cited 2016 Apr 26];342(1):[27-37]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002962915312398
(6.) Colin-Ramirez E, McAlister FA, Zheng Y, Sharma S, Armstrong PW, Ezekowitz JA. The long-term effects of dietary sodium restriction on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. The SODIUM-HF (Study of Dietary Intervention Under 100 mmol in Heart Failure): a pilot study. Am Heart J [Internet]. 2015 Feb[cited 2016 Apr 26];169(2):[274-281.e1]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870314007212
(7.) Lennie TA, Chung ML, Moser DK. What should we tell patients with heart failure about sodium restriction and how should we counsel them? Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2013 Sep;10(3):219-26. DOI 10.1007/s11897-013-0145-9.
(8.) Aliti GB, Rabelo ER, Clausell N, Rohde LE, Biolo A, Beck-da-Silva L. Aggressive fluid and sodium restriction in acute decompensated heart failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2016 Apr 26];173(12): [1058-64]. Available from: http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.552
(9.) Philipson H, Ekman I, Forslund HB, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M. Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013 Nov;15(11):1304-10. DOI 10.1093/eurjhf/hft097.
(10.) Philipson H, Ekman I, Forslund HB, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M. Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013 Nov;15(11):1304-10. DOI 10.1093/eurjhf/hft097.
(11.) Savarese G, Trimarco B, Dellegrottaglie S, Prastaro M, Gambardella F, Rengo G, et al. Natriuretic peptideguided therapy in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of 2,686 patients in 12 randomized trials. PLoS One [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Apr 26];8(3):[e58287]. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e96706. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589263/
(12.) Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Yandle TG, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Richards AM. Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) concentrations. Lancet [Internet]. 2000 Apr [cited 2016 Apr 26];355(9210):[1126-30]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673600020602
(13.) Pfisterer M, Buser P, Rickli H, Gutmann M, Erne P, Rickenbacher P, et al. BNP-guided vs symptomguided heart failure therapy: the Trial of Intensified vs Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients With Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF) randomized trial. JAMA [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2016 Apr 26];301(4):[383-92]. Available from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=183286
(14.) Berger R, Moertl D, Peter S, Ahmadi R, Huelsmann M, Yamuti S, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided, intensive patient management in addition to multidisciplinary care in chronic heart failure a 3-arm, prospective, randomized pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Feb;55(7):645-53. DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.078.
(15.) Eurlings LWM, van Pol PEJ, Kok WE, van Wijk S, Lodewijks-van der Bolt C, Balk AHMM, et al. Management of chronic heart failure guided by individual N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide targets: results of the PRIMA (Can PRo-brain-natriuretic peptide guided therapy of chronic heart failure IMprove heart fAilure morbidity and mortality?) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Dec;56(25):2090-100. DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.030.
(16.) Persson H, Erntell H, Eriksson B, Johansson G, Swedberg K, Dahlström U. Improved pharmacological therapy of chronic heart failure in primary care: a randomized Study of NT-proBNP Guided Management of Heart Failure--SIGNAL-HF (Swedish Intervention study--Guidelines and NT-proBNP AnaLysis in Heart Failure). Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 ec;12(12):1300-8. DOI 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq169.
(17.) Lainchbury JG, Troughton RW, Strangman KM, Frampton CM, Pilbrow A, Yandle TG, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for chronic heart failure: results from the BATTLESCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment To Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2009 Dec [cited 2016 Apr 26];55(1):[53-60]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109709033221
(18.) Januzzi JL Jr, Rehman SU, Mohammed AA, Bhardwaj A, Barajas L, Barajas J, et al. Use of amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide to guide outpatient therapy of patients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2016 Apr 26];58(18):[1881-9]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109711029019
(19.) Karlström P, Alehagen U, Boman K, Dahlström U; UPSTEP-study group. Brain natriuretic peptideguided treatment does not improve morbidity and mortality in extensively treated patients with chronic heart failure: responders to treatment have a significantly better outcome. Eur J Heart Fail [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2016 Apr 26];13(10):[1096-103]. Erratum in: Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 May;14(5):563. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr078/full
(20.) Jourdain P, Jondeau G, Funck F, Gueffet P, Le Helloco A, Donal E, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptideguided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2007 Apr [cited 2016 Apr 26];49(16):[1733-9]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109707008273
(21.) Anguita M, Esteban F, Castillo JC, Mazuelos F, López-Granados A, Arizón JM, et al. Utilidad de los valores del péptido natriurético cerebral frente al control clínico habitual para la monitorización del tratamiento en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca. Med Clin (Barc) [Internet]. 2010 Oct [consultado 2016 Abr 26];135(10):[435-40]. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025775310006615
(22.) Beck-da-Silva L, de Bold A, Fraser M, Williams K, Haddad H. BNP-guided therapy not better than expert’s clinical assessment for beta-blocker titration in patients with heart failure. Congest Heart Fail [Internet]. 2005 Sep-Oct [cited 2016 Apr 26];11(5):[248-53; quiz 254-5]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-5299.2005.04239.x/full
(23.) Shah MR, Califf RM, Nohria A, Bhapkar M, Bowers M, Mancini DM, et al. The STARBRITE trial: a randomized, pilot study of B-type natriuretic peptide-guided therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. J Card Fail [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2016 Apr 26];17(8):[613-21]. Erratum in: J Card Fail 2011 Sep;17(9):788. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071916411001722
(24.) Shah MR, Califf RM, Nohria A, Bhapkar M, Bowers M, Mancini DM, et al. The STARBRITE trial: a randomized, pilot study of B-type natriuretic peptideguided therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. J Card Fail. 2011 Aug;17(8):613-21. DOI 10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.04.012. Erratum in: J Card Fail. 2011 Sep;17(9):788.
(25.) Sanders-van Wijk S, van Asselt AD, Rickli H, Estlinbaum W, Erne P, Rickenbacher P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic-guided therapy in elderly heart failure patients: results from TIME-CHF (Trial of Intensified versus Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients with Congestive Heart Failure). JACC Heart Fail [Internet]. 2013 Feb [cited 2016 Apr 26];1(1):[64-71]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177912000066
(26.) Bristow MR. Treatment of chronic heart failure with β-adrenergic receptor antagonists: a convergence of receptor pharmacology and clinical cardiology. Circ Res. 2011 Oct;109(10):1176-94. DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.245092.
(27.) Chatterjee S, Biondi-Zoccai G, Abbate A, D’Ascenzo F, Castagno D, Van Tassell B, et al. Benefits of β blockers in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: network meta-analysis. BMJ [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2016 Apr 26];346:f55. Erratum in: BMJ. 2013;346:f596. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f55.long
(28.) Lechat P, Packer M, Chalon S, Cucherat M, Arab T, Boissel JP. Clinical ffects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials. Circulation [Internet]. 1998 Sep [cited 2016 Apr 26];98(12):[1184-91]. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/98/12/1184.long
(29.) Heidenreich PA, Lee TT, Massie BM. Effect of betablockade on mortality in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 1997 Jul [cited 2016 Apr 26];30(1):[27-34]. Available from:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109797001046
(30.) American Heart Association. Effects of metoprolol CR in patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy : the randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction pilot study. Circulation [Internet]. 2000 Feb [cited 2016 Apr 26];101(4):[378-84]. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/4/378
(31.) Gilbert EM. Cost-effectiveness of beta-blocker treatment in heart ailure. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2002;3 Suppl 3:S42-7.
(32.) Díez-Manglano J. Análisis económico del tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca con betabloqueantes. Med Clin. 2013 Sep;141(6):265-70. DOI 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.02.011.
(33.) DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ, Fares H, Menezes AR, O’Keefe JH. Meta-analysis of carvedilol versus beta 1 selective beta-blockers (atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol). Am J Cardiol [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2016 Apr 26];111(5):[765-9]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914912024642
(34.) Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, Hanrath P, Komajda M, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2003 Jul [cited 2016 Apr 26];362(9377):[7-13]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603138007
(35.) Düngen HD, Apostolovic S, Inkrot S, Tahirovic E, Töpper A, Mehrhof F, et al Titration to target dose of bisoprolol vs. carvedilol in elderly patients with heart failure: the CIBIS-ELD trial. Eur J Heart Fail [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2016 Apr 26];13(6):[670-80]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr020/epdf
(36.) Levy AR, Briggs AH, Demers C, O’Brien BJ. Cost-effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy with metoprolol or with carvedilol for treatment of heart failure in Canada. Am Heart J [Internet]. 2001 Sep [cited 2016 Apr 26];142(3):[537-43]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870301329770
(37.) Varney S. A cost-effectiveness analysis of bisoprolol for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail [Internet]. 2001 Jun [cited 2016 Apr 26];3(3):[365-71]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/S1388-9842(01)00132-5/epdf
(38.) Goodfriend TL, Elliott ME, Catt KJ. Angiotensin receptors and their antagonists. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jun;334(25):1649-54.
(39.) Flather MD, Yusuf S, Køber L, Pfeffer M, Hall A, Murray G, et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000 May;355(9215):1575-81.
(40.) Gring CN, Francis GS. A hard look at angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Nov;44(9):1841-6.
(41.) Heran BS, Musini VM, Bassett K, Taylor RS, Wright JM. Angiotensin receptor blockers for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr;(4):CD003040. DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003040.pub2.
(42.) Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep;327(10):669-77.
(43.) Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet. 1993 Oct;342(8875):821-8.
(44.) Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, et la. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec;333(25):1670-6.
(45.) Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug;325(5):293-302.
(46.) Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The SOLVD Investigattors. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep;327(10):685-91. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1992 Dec;327(24):1768.
(47.) Cohn JN, Tognoni G; Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensinreceptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 Dec;345(23):1667-75.
(48.) Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced leftventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003 Sep;362(9386):772-6.
(49.) Crozier I, Ikram H, Awan N, Cleland J, Stephen N, Dickstein K, et al. Losartan in heart failure. Hemodynamic effects and tolerability. Losartan Hemodynamic Study Group. Circulation. 1995 Feb;91(3):691-7.
(50.) Mazayev VP, Fomina IG, Kazakov EN, Sulimov VA, Zvereva TV, Lyusov VA, et al. Valsartan in heart failure patients previously untreated with an ACE inhibitor. Int J Cardiol. 1998 Aug;65(3):239-46.
(51.) Riegger GA, Bouzo H, Petr P, Münz J, Spacek R, Pethig H, et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance and symptoms of congestive heart failure during treatment with candesartan cilexetil. Symptom, Tolerability, Response to Exercise Trial of Candesartan Cilexetil in Heart Failure (STRETCH) Investigators. Circulation. 1999 Nov;100(22):2224-30.
(52.) Matsumori A; Assessment of Response to Candesartan in Heart Failure in Japan (ARCH-J) Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of oral candesartan cilexetil in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003 Oct;5(5):669-77. Erratum in: Eur J Heart Fail. 2004 Jun;6(4):523.
(53.) Mitrovic V, Willenbrock R, Miric M, Seferovic P, Spinar J, Dabrowski M, et al. Acute and 3-month treatment effects of candesartan cilexetil on hemodynamics, neurohormones, and clinical symptoms in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2003 Mar;145(3):E14.
(54.) Granger CB, Ertl G, Kuch J, Maggioni AP, McMurray J, Rouleau JL, et al. Randomized trial of candesartan cilexetil in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure and a history of intolerance to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am Heart J. 2000 Apr;139(4):609-17.
(55.) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, Meurers G, Cowley AJ, Thomas I, et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet. 1997 Mar;349(9054):747-52.
(56.) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D, Avezum A, Burns RJ, Probstfield J, et al. Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation. 1999 Sep;100(10):1056-64.
(57.) Willenheimer R, Helmers C, Pantev E, Rydberg E, Löfdahl P, Gordon A, et al. Safety and efficacy of valsartan versus enalapril in heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol. 2002 Oct;85(2-3):261-70.
(58.) Dunselman PH; Replacement of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition (REPLACE) Investigators. Effects of the replacement of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril by the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan in patients with congestive heart failure. The replacement of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (REPLACE) investigators. Int J Cardiol. 2001 Feb;77(2-3):131-8; discussion 139-40.
(59.) Dickstein K, Chang P, Willenheimer R, Haunsø S, Remes J, Hall C, et al. Comparison of the effects of losartan and enalapril on clinical status and exercise performance in patients with moderate or severe chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Aug;26(2):438-45.
(60.) Lang RM, Elkayam U, Yellen LG, Krauss D, McKelvie RS, Vaughan DE, et al. Comparative effects of losartan and enalapril on exercise capacity and clinical status in patients with heart failure. The Losartan Pilot Exercise Study Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Oct;30(4):983-91.
(61.) Bakris GL, Weir MR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar;160(5):685-93.
(62.) Desai AS, Swedberg K, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Young JB, et al. Incidence and predictors of hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure: an analysis of the CHARM Program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov;50(20):1959-66.
(63.) Burnier M, Brunner HR. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet. 2000 Feb;355(9204):637-45.
(64.) Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, Sutton G, Poole-Wilson P. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics. Br Heart J. 1987 Jan;57(1):17-22.
(65.) Robson AO, kerr DN, Ashcroft R, Teasdale G. The diuretic response to Frusemide. Lancet. 1964 Nov 21;2(7369):1085-8.
(66.) Faris R, Flather M, Purcell H, Henein M, Poole-Wilson P, Coats A. Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cardiol. 2002 Feb;82(2):149-58.
(67.) Burr ML, King S, Davies HE, Pathy MS. The effects of discontinuing long-term diuretic therapy in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1977 Feb;6(1):38-45.
(68.) Myers MG, Weingert ME, Fisher RH, Gryfe CI, Shulman HS. Unnecessary diuretic therapy in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1982 Nov;11(4):213-21.
(69.) Sherman LG, Liang CS, Baumgardner S, Charuzi Y, Chardo F, Kim CS. Piretanide, a potent diuretic with potassium-sparing properties, for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Nov;40(5):587-94.
(70.) de Jonge JW, Knottnerus JA, van Zutphen WM, de Bruijne GA, Struijker Boudier HA. Short term effect of withdrawal of diuretic drugs prescribed for ankle oedema. BMJ. 1994 Feb;308(6927):511-3.
(71.) Walma EP, Hoes AW, van Dooren C, Prins A, van der Does E. Withdrawal of long-term diuretic medication in elderly patients: a double blind randomized trial. BMJ. 1997 Aug;315(7106):464-8.
(72.) Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA. Aldosterone blockade and left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J [Internet]. 2009 Feb [cited 2016 Apr 26];30(4):[469-77]. Available from:
http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/4/469.long
(73.) Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1999 Sep [cited 2016 Apr 26];341(10):[709-17]. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199909023411001#t=article
(74.) Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr;348(14):1309-21. Erratum in: N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2003 May [cited 2016 Apr 26];348(22):[2271]. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa030207#t=article
(75.) Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan;364(1):11-21. DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1009492.
(76.) Lee D, Wilson K, Akehurst R, Cowie MR, Zannad F, Krum H, et al. Cost- effectiveness of eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. Heart [Internet]. 2014 Nov [cited 2016 Apr 26];100(21):[1681-7]. Available from: http://heart.bmj.com/content/100/21/1681.long
(77.) Hood WB Jr, Dans AL, Guyatt GH, Jaeschke R, McMurray JJ. Digitalis for treatment of heart failure in patients in sinus rhythm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2014 Apr [cited 2016 Apr 26];(4):CD002901]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002901.pub3/full
(78.) Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1997 Feb [cited 2016 Apr 26];336(8):[525-33]. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199702203360801
(79.) Uretsky BF, Young JB, Shahidi FE, Yellen LG, Harrison MC, Jolly MK. Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial. PROVED Investigative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4):955-62.
(80.) Packer M, Gheorghiade M, Young JB, Costantini PJ, Adams KF, Cody RJ, et al. Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. RADIANCE Study. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1993 Jul [cited 2016 Apr 26];329(1):[1-7]. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199307013290101#t=article
(81.) Zhou X, Chen J. Is treatment with trimetazidine beneficial in patients with chronic heart failure? PLoS One. 2014 May;9(5):e94660. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0094660.
(82.) Winter JL, Castro PF, Quintana JC, Altamirano R, Enriquez A, Verdejo HE, et al. Effects of trimetazidine in nonischemic heart failure: a randomized study. J Card Fail. 2014 Mar;20(3):149-54. DOI 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.01.004.
(83.) European Medicines Agency [Internet]. London: EMA; 2012 [cited 2016 Apr 26]. European Medicines Agency recommends restricting use of trimetazidinecontaining medicines. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2012/06/news_detail_001541.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1
(84.) Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebocontrolled study. Lancet. 2010 Sep;376(9744):875-85. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1. Erratum in: Lancet. 2010 Dec;376(9757):1988.
(85.) Borer JS, Böhm M, Ford I, Komajda M, Tavazzi L, Sendon JL, et al. Effect of ivabradine on recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: the SHIFT Study. Eur Heart J. 2012 Nov;33(22):2813-20. DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs259.
(86.) Griffiths A, Paracha N, Davies A, Branscombe N, Cowie MR, Sculpher M. The cost effectiveness of ivabradine in the treatment of chronic heart failure from the U.K. National Health Service perspective. Heart. 2014 Jul;100(13):1031-6. DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304598.
(87.) Cole RT, Kalogeropoulos AP, Georgiopoulou VV, Gheorghiade M, Quyyumi A, Yancy C, et al. Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate in heart failure: historical perspective, mechanisms, and future directions. Circulation. 2011 May;123(21):2414-22. DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.012781.
(88.) Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobb F, Francis G, Tristani F, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug;325(5):303-10.
(89.) Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jun;314(24):1547-52.
(90.) Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D’Agostino R Jr, Ferdinand K, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov;351(20):2049-57. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar;352(12):1276.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Iatreia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Papers published in the journal are available for use under the Creative Commons license, specifically Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
The papers must be unpublished and sent exclusively to the Journal Iatreia; the author uploading the contribution is required to submit two fully completed formats: article submission and authorship responsibility.
