Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping in Adolescents: State-of-the-Art
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.240Keywords:
Asthma, Adolescent Medicine, E-Cigarette Vapor, Lung Injury, VapingAbstract
Electronic cigarettes (EC) constitute a subset of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), designed to mimic conventional cigarettes (CC). These devices heat a liquid solution containing flavors, nicotine, or tetrahydrocannabinol to generate an aerosol that is inhaled, garnering significant interest among adolescents from early ages, accompanied by an increased incidence of usage and a lack of awareness regarding their effects, fueled by advertising campaigns portraying EC as innocuous. EC induce pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological, cutaneous, and other complications, ranging from mild to fatal. The emergence of electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) was first reported in 2017, with a subsequent surge in cases prompting numerous alerts in the United States. Despite public health measures restricting the sale of specific EC or vaping products in certain countries, adolescent consumption remains inadequately controlled. It is imperative for pediatricians and primary care physicians to understand the implications of vaping, facilitating timely preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Downloads
References
(1) Becker TD, Rice TR. Youth vaping: a review and update on global epidemiology, physical and behavioral health risks, and clinical considerations. Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2022;181(2):453–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04220-x
(2) Lyzwinski LN, Naslund JA, Miller CJ, Eisenberg MJ. Global youth vaping and respiratory health: epidemiology, interventions, and policies. npj Prim Care Respir Med [Internet]. 2022;32(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-022-00277-9
(3) Jenssen BP, Walley SC, Groner JA, Rahmandar M, Boykan R, Mih B, et al. E-cigarettes and similar devices. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2019;143(2)e20183652. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3652
(4) Shelton CM, Black H, Proctor J, Hagemann TM. A Comprehensive Review of Vaping Use in Pediatric Patients and Recent Changes in Regulatory Laws. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 2022;27(2):109–19. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-27.2.109
(5) Gordon T, Karey E, Rebuli ME, Escobar YH, Jaspers I, Chen LC. E-Cigarette Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol [Internet]. 2022;66:301–22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-042921-084202
(6) Buettner-Schmidt K, Miller D, Balasubramanian N. Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids: Child-Resistant Packaging, Nicotine Content, and Sales to Minors 1, 2. J Pediatr Nurs [Internet]. 2016;31(4):373–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2016.03.019
(7) Yoong SL, Hall A, Leonard A, McCrabb S, Wiggers J, Tursan-d’Espaignet E, et al. Prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Heal [Internet]. 2021;6(9):e661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00106-7
(8) Gentzke AS, Wang TW, Jamal A, Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cullen KA, et al. Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2020;69(50):1881–8. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a1
(9) Ministerio de Salud y Proteccion Social. Abecé. Lo que debes conocer sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos [Internet]. 2019. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Documents/General/ABC-version%20final%20final25-09-2019_POBLACI%C3%93N%20GENERAL%20(1).pdf
(10) Evans-polce RJ, Patrick ME, Lanza ST, Miech RA, O´Malley PM, Johnston LD. Reasons for Vaping among US 12th Graders. 2018;62(4):457–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.009
(11) Kinouani S, Leflot C, Vanderkam P, Auriacombe M, Langlois E, Tzourio C. Motivations for using electronic cigarettes in young adults: A systematic review. Subst Abus [Internet]. 2019;41(3):315-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1671937
(12) Singh T, Agaku IT, Arrazola RA, Marynak KL, Neff LJ, Rolle IT, et al. Exposure to advertisements and electronic cigarette use among us middle and high school students. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016;137(5):e20154155. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4155
(13) Cullen KA, Gentzke AS, Sawdey MD, Chang JT, Anic GM, Wang TW, et al. e-Cigarette Use among Youth in the United States, 2019. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc [Internet]. 2019;322(21):2095–103. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.18387
(14) American Academy of Pediatrics. The Flavor Trap - How Tobacco Companies Are Luring Kids with Candy-Flavored E-Cigarettes and Cigars [Internet]. 2017. Disponible en: https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/microsites/flavortrap/full_report.pdf
(15) Collins L, Glasser AM, Abudayyeh H, Pearson JL, Villanti AC. E-cigarette marketing and communication: How E-Cigarette Companies Market E-Cigarettes and the Public Engages with E-cigarette Information. Nicotine Tob Res [Internet]. 2019;21(1):14–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx284
(16) CDC Vital signs. E-cigarette Ads and Youth Problem [Internet]. 2016. Disponible en: www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/ecigarette-ads
(17) Hajat C, Stein E, Shantikumar S, Niaura R, Ferrara P, Polosa R. A scoping review of studies on the health impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems. Intern Emerg Med [Internet]. 2022;17(1):241–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02835-4
(18) Lødrup-Carlsen KC, Skjerven HO, Carlsen KH. The toxicity of E-cigarettes and children’s respiratory health. Paediatr Respir Rev [Internet]. 2018;28:63–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2018.01.002
(19) Niederbacher N, Bermudez L, González D, Bernal C, García F, León D, et al. Electronic cigarettes: Genetic and epigenetic impact (Review). Int J Epigenetics [Internet]. 2021;1(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3892/ije.2021.2
(20) Staudt MR, Salit J, Kaner RJ, Hollmann C, Crystal RG. Altered lung biology of healthy never smokers following acute inhalation of E-cigarettes. Respir Res [Internet]. 2018;19(78):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0778-z
(21) Reidel B, Radicioni G, Clapp PW, Ford AA, Abdelwahab S, Rebuli ME, et al. E-cigarette use causes a unique innate immune response in the lung, involving increased neutrophilic activation and altered mucin secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2018;197(4):492–501. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201708-1590OC
(22) Layden JE, Ghinai I, Pray I, Kimball A, Layer M, Tenforde MW, et al. Pulmonary illness related to e-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin - Final report. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2020;382(10):903–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911614
(23) Thakrar PD, Boyd KP, Swanson CP, Wideburg E, Kumbhar SS. E-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury in adolescents: a review of imaging features. Pediatr Radiol [Internet]. 2020;50(3):338–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04572-5
(24) Blount B, Karwowski M, Shields P, Morel-Espinosa M, Valentin-Blasini L, Gardner M, et al. Vitamin E Acetate in Bronchoalveolar-Lavage Fluid Associated with. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2020;382(8):697–705. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916433
(25) Matsumoto S, Fang X, Traber MG, Jones KD, Langelier C, Serpa PH, et al. Dose-dependent pulmonary toxicity of aerosolized Vitamin E acetate. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol [Internet]. 2020;63(6):748–57. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2020-0209OC
(26) Clapp PW, Peden DB, Jaspers I. E-cigarettes, vaping-related pulmonary illnesses, and asthma: A perspective from inhalation toxicologists. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2020;145(1):97–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.001
(27) Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Chen F, Shao L, Zhang L. Association Between E-Cigarettes and Asthma in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med [Internet]. 2022;62(6):953–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.015
(28) Lim HB, Kim SH. Inhallation of e-cigarette cartridge solution aggravates allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice. Toxicol Res [Internet]. 2014;30(1):13–8. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2014.30.1.013
(29) Marczylo T. How bad are e-cigarettes? What can we learn from animal exposure models? J Physiol [Internet]. 2020;598(22):5073–89. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278366
(30) Martin EM, Clapp PW, Rebuli ME, Pawlak EA, Glista-Baker E, Benowitz NL, et al. E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol [Internet]. 2016 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];311(1):L135–44. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00170.2016
(31) Sussan TE, Gajghate S, Thimmulappa RK, Ma J, Kim JH, Sudini K, et al. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015;10(2):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116861
(32) Wills TA, Choi K, Pagano I. E-Cigarette Use Associated With Asthma Independent of Cigarette Smoking and Marijuana in a 2017 National Sample of Adolescents. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];67(4):524–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2020.03.001
(33) Chung SJ, Kim BK, Oh JH, Shim JS, Chang YS, Cho SH, et al. Novel tobacco products including electronic cigarette and heated tobacco products increase risk of allergic rhinitis and asthma in adolescents: Analysis of Korean youth survey. Allergy [Internet]. 2020 Jul 1 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];75(7):1640–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ALL.14212
(34) Cho JH, Paik SY. Association between Electronic Cigarette Use and Asthma among High School Students in South Korea. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];11(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0151022
(35) Bayly JE, Bernat D, Porter L, Choi K. Secondhand Exposure to Aerosols From Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Asthma Exacerbations Among Youth With Asthma. Chest [Internet]. 2019 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];155(1):88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEST.2018.10.005
(36) Werner AK, Koumans EH, Chatham-Stephens K, Salvatore PP, Armatas C, Byers P, et al. Hospitalizations and Deaths Associated with EVALI. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2020 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];382(17):1589–98. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915314
(37) Adkins SH, Anderson KN, Goodman AB, Twentyman E, Danielson ML, Kimball A, et al. Demographics, Substance Use Behaviors, and Clinical Characteristics of Adolescents With e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) in the United States in 2019. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];174(7). https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2020.0756
(38) Wold LE, Tarran R, Crotty-Alexander LE, Hamburg NM, Kheradmand F, St.-Helen G, et al. Cardiopulmonary Consequences of Vaping in Adolescents: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Res [Internet]. 2022;131(3):E70–82. https://doi.org/10.1161/RES.0000000000000544
(39) Wharton JD, Kozek LK, Carson RP. Increased Seizure Frequency Temporally Related to Vaping: Where There’s Vapor, There’s Seizures? Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2020;104:66–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.10.006
(40) Faulcon LM, Rudy S, Limpert J, Wang B, Murphy I. Adverse Experience Reports of Seizures in Youth and Young Adult Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Users. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2020 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];66(1):15–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2019.10.002
(41) Alasmari F, Crotty-Alexander LE, Hammad AM, Bojanowski CM, Moshensky A, Sari Y. Effects of Chronic Inhalation of Electronic Cigarette Vapor Containing Nicotine on Neurotransmitters in the Frontal Cortex and Striatum of C57BL/6 Mice. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. 2019 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];10. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHAR.2019.00885
(42) Becker TD, Arnold MK, Ro V, Martin L, Rice TR. Systematic Review of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) and Mental Health Comorbidity Among Adolescents and Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];23(3):415–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/NTR/NTAA171
(43) Yang I, Sandeep S, Rodriguez J. The oral health impact of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol [Internet]. 2020 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];50(2):97–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2020.1713726
(44) Govindarajan P, Spiller HA, Casavant MJ, Chounthirath T, Smith GA. E-Cigarette and liquid nicotine exposures among young children. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2018;141(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3361
(45) Silveira ML, Conway KP, Green VR, Kasza KA, Sargent JD, Borek N, et al. Longitudinal associations between youth tobacco and substance use in waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]. 2018 Oct 1;191:25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2018.06.018
(46) Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA, et al. Association Between Initial Use of e-Cigarettes and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 2017 [consultado 2022 Dec 11];171(8):788–97. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2017.1488
(47) Chaffee BW, Watkins SL, Glantz SA. Electronic Cigarette Use and Progression From Experimentation to Established Smoking. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2018 Abr 1 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];141(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2017-3594
(48) Baenziger ON, Ford L, Yazidjoglou A, Joshy G, Banks E. E-cigarette use and combustible tobacco cigarette smoking uptake among non-smokers, including relapse in former smokers: umbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2021 Mar 30 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];11(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2020-045603
(49) Chadi N, Vyver E, Bélanger RE. Protecting children and adolescents against the risks of vaping. Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2021 Sep 17 [consultado 2022 Dic 11];26(6):358–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/PCH/PXAB037
(50) Hadland SE, Chadi N. Through the Haze: What Clinicians Can Do to Address Youth Vaping. J Adolesc Heal [Internet]. 2020;66(1):10–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.009
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Iatreia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Papers published in the journal are available for use under the Creative Commons license, specifically Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
The papers must be unpublished and sent exclusively to the Journal Iatreia; the author uploading the contribution is required to submit two fully completed formats: article submission and authorship responsibility.
