Probiotics and their relationship with caries control: a topic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfo.v28n1a10Keywords:
Probiotics, Dental care, Microbiota, HomeostasisAbstract
The development of studies related to the human oral microbiome, as well as the applied sciences and techniques to investigate it, have helped reconsidering our understanding of tooth decay as an endogenous infection caused by a conglomerate of microorganisms. In addition to identifying the great diversity of microorganisms involved in carious processes, similar studies in healthy oral cavity have also been conducted, as well as analysis of the interactions between microorganisms and the host. The results are paving the way to implementing biotechnology strategies to interrupt the onset and progression of the disease, and in this sense probiotics are a promising tool. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms
that once in contact with the oral cavity modify the microbial interaction favoring homeostasis. A literature review was conducted using various databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar), focusing on probiotics as a strategy for caries control, based on their function in the oral cavity; this includes some of the studies conducted so far as well as the description of features of the bacterial strains most commonly studied and the ones recently isolated. The article concludes by explaining the ideal features that bacterial strains should have to be efficient as probiotics in the oral cavity.
Downloads
References
World Health Organization. Oral health: priority action areas [Internet]. [Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2015] Disponible en: http://www.who.int/oral_health/action/information/surveillance/en/
Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83(9): 661-669.
Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet 2007; 369(9555): 51-59.
Olmos P, Piovesán S, Musto M, Lorenzo S, Álvarez R, Massa F. Caries dental. La enfermedad oral más prevalente. Primer estudio poblacional en jóvenes y adultos uruguayos del interior del país. Odontoestomatol 2013; 15: 26-34.
Casabe JH. Endocarditis infecciosa. Una enfermedad cambiante. Medicina (B Aires) 2008; 68(2): 164-174.
Colombia. Ministerio de Salud. IV Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal: ENSAB IV: situación en salud bucal: para saber cómo estamos y saber qué hacemos. [Internet]. Bogotá: Minsalud; 2014 [Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2015]. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/ENSAB-IV-Situacion-Bucal-Actual.pdf
Wongkamhaeng K, Poachanukoon O, Koontongkaew S. Dental caries, cariogenic microorganisms and salivary properties of allergic rhinitis children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78(5): 860-865.
Castellanos JE, Marín LM, Úsuga MV, Castiblanco GA, Martingnon S. La remineralización del esmalte bajo el entendimiento actual de la caries dental. Univ Odontol 2013; 32(69): 49-59.
Kutsch VK. Dental caries: an updated medical model of risk assessment. J Prosthet Dent 2014; 111(4): 280-285.
Simón-Soro A, Mira A. Solving the etiology of dental caries. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23(2): 76-82.
Rojas S, Echeverría S. Caries temprana de infancia: ¿enfermedad infecciosa? Rev Med Clin Condes 2014; 25(3): 581-587.
Gross EL, Leys EJ, Gasparovich SR, Firestone ND, Schwartzbaum JA, Janies DA et al. Bacterial 16S sequence analysis of severe caries in young permanent teeth. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48(11): 4121-4128.
Tanner AC, Kent RL Jr, Holgerson PL, Hughes CV, Loo CY, Kanasi E et al. Microbiota of severe early childhood caries before and after therapy. J Dent Res 2011; 90(11): 1298-1305.
Burne RA, Zeng L, Ahn SJ, Palmer SR, Liu Y, Lefebure T et al. Progress dissecting the oral microbiome in caries and health. Adv Dent Res 2012; 24(2): 77-80.
Laleman I, Detailleur V, Slot DE, Slomka V, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Probiotics reduce mutans streptococci counts in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18(6): 1539-1552.
Cagetti MG, Mastroberardino S, Milia E, Cocco F, Lingström P, Campus G. The use of probiotic strains in caries prevention: a systematic review. Nutrients 2013; 5(7): 2530-2550.
Joint FAO/WHO. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food [Internet]. London: FAO/WHO; 2002.
Wade WG. Has the use of molecular methods for the characterization of the human oral microbiome changed our understanding of the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38(Suppl 11): 7-16.
Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner ACR, Yu WH et al. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol 2010; 192(19): 5002-5017.
Lazarevic V, Whiteson K, Hernandez D, François P, Schrenzel J. Study of inter- and intra-individual variations in the salivary microbiota. BMC Genom 2010; 11: 523. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-523
Ten-Cate JM. Biofilms, a new approach to the microbiology of dental plaque. Odontology 2006; 94(1): 1-9.
Mark Welch J, Rossetti B, Rieken C, Dewhirst F, Borisy G. Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale. PNAS 2016; 113(6): 791-800. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522149113
Rouabhia M. Interactions between host and oral commensal microorganisms are key events in health and disease status. Can J Infect Dis 2002; 13(1): 47-51.
Bowden GHW. The microbial ecology of dental caries. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2000; 12(3): 138-148.
Marsh PD. Microbiology of dental plaque biofilms and their role in oral health and caries. Dent Clin North Am 2010; 54(3): 441-454.
Zarco MF, Vess TJ, Ginsburg GS. The oral microbiome in health and disease and the potential impact on personalized dental medicine. Oral Dis 2012; 18(2): 109-120.
Scannapieco FA. The oral microbiome: Its role in health and in oral and systemic infections. Clin Microbiol Newsl 2013; 35(20): 163-169.
Duran-Pinedo AE, Frias-Lopez J. Beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Microbes Infect 2015; 17(7): 505-516.
Belstrøm D, Fiehn NE, Nielsen CH, Holmstrup P, Kirkby N, Klepac-Ceraj V et al. Altered bacterial profiles in saliva from adults with caries lesions: a case-cohort study. Caries Res 2014; 48(5): 368-375.
Vieira-Colombo AP, Magalhães CB, Hartenbach FA, Martins-do-Souto R, Macielda-Silva-Boghossian C. Periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: A reservoir for pathogens of medical importance. Microb Pathog 2016; 94: 27-34.
Chocolatewala N, Chaturvedi P, Desale R. The role of bacteria in oral cancer. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2010; 31(4): 126-131.
Whitmore SE, Lamont RJ. Oral bacteria and cancer. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10(3): e1003933. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003933
Zaura E, Keijser BJ, Huse SM, Crielaard W. Defining the healthy “core microbiome” of oral microbial communities. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9(259): 1-12. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-259
Kianoush N, Adler CJ, Nguyen KA, Browne GV, Simonian M, Hunter N. Bacterial profile of dentine caries and the impact of pH on bacterial population diversity.PLoS One 2014; 9(3): e92940. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092940
Corby PM, Lyons-Weiler J, Bretz WA, Hart TC, Aas JA et al. Microbial Risk Indicators of Early Childhood Caries. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(11): 5753-5759.
Tanzer JM, Livingston J, Thompson AM. The microbiology of primary dental caries in humans. J Dent Educ 2001; 65(10): 1028-1037.
Badet C, Thebaud NB. Ecology of lactobacilli in the oral cavity: a review of literature. Open Microbiol J 2008; 2: 38-48.
Chen T, Yu W-H, Izard J, Baranova OV, Lakshmanan A, Dewhirst FE. The Human Oral Microbiome Database: a web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information. Database 2010; Article ID baq013, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/baq013
Griffen AL, Beall CJ, Firestone ND, Gross EL, Difranco JM, Hardman JH et al. CORE: A Phylogenetically-Curated 16S rDNA Database of the Core Oral Microbiome. PLoS One 2011; 6(4): e19051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019051.
Iniesta M, Zurbriggen M, Montero E, Herrera D. Los probióticos y sus beneficios terapéuticos. Periodoncia y Osteintegración 2011; 21(3): 171-179.
Organización Mundial de Gastroenterología. Guía práctica de la Organización Mundial de Gastroenterología: Probióticos y prebióticos [Internet]. Milwaukee: WGO; 2011 [Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/probiotics-spanish-2011.pdf
Singh VP, Sharma J, Babu S, Rizwanulla, Singla A. Role of probiotics in health and disease: a review. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63(2): 253-57.
Cáceres RP, Gotteland RM. Alimentos probióticos en Chile: ¿Qué cepas y qué propiedades saludables? Rev Chil Nutr 2010; 37(1): 97-109.
Näse L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Pönkä A, Poussa T et al. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and risk in children. Caries Res 2001; 35(6): 412-420.
Petersson LG, Magnusson K, Hakestam U, Baigi A, Twetman S. Reversal of primary root caries lesions after daily intake of milk supplemented with fluoride and probiotic lactobacilli in older adults. Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69(6): 321-327.
Vistoso-Monreal AP. Efecto del consumo de leche enriquecida con probióticos lactobacilos, en la incidencia de lesiones de caries en niños preescolares [Trabajo de grado Cirujano-Dentista]. Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile; 2013 [Consultado el 2 de noviembre de 2015]. Disponible en: http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130016
Hedayati-Hajikand T, Lundberg U, Eldh C, Twetman S. Effect of probiotic chewing tablets on early childhood caries - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15(1): 112.
BreathMD. Oral probiotics [Internet]. BreathMD; 2015 [Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.breathmd.com/oral-probiotics.php.
Agrawal V, Kapoor S, Shah N. Role of “Live Microorganisms” (Probiotics) in Prevention of Caries: Going on the Natural Way Towards Oral Health. Indian J Multidiscip Dent 2012; 2(3): 491-496.
Haukioja A. Probiotics and oral health. Eur J Dent 2010; 4(3): 348-355.
Burton JP, Drummond BK, Chilcott CN, Tagg JR, Thomson WM, Hale JD et al. Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62(Part 6): 875-884.
Toiviainen A, Jalasvuori H, Lahti E, Gursoy U, Salminen S, Fontana M et al. Impact of orally administered lozenges with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 on the number of salivary mutans streptococci, amount of plaque, gingival inflammation and the oral microbiome in healthy adults. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19(1): 77-83.
Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T, Poussa T, Ahlström A, Meurman JH et al. Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47(11): 799-804.
Montalto M, Vastola M, Marigo L, Covino M, Graziosetto R, Curigliano V et al. Probiotic treatment increases salivary counts of lactobacilli: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Digestion 2004; 69(1): 53-56.
Nikawa H, Makihira S, Fukushima H, Nishimura H, Ozaki Y, Ishida K et al. Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 95(2): 219-223.
Caglar E, Sandalli N, Twetman S, Kavaloglu S, Ergeneli S, Selvi S. Effect of yogurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontol Scand 2005; 63(6): 317-320.
Caglar E, Cildir SK, Ergenelli S, Sandalli N, Tweetman S. Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels after ingestion of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 by straws or tablets. Acta Odontol Scand 2006; 65(5): 314-318.
Caglar E, Kavaloglu SC, Kuscu OO, Sandalli N, Holgerson PL, Twetman S. Effect of chewing gums containing xylitol or probiotic bacteria on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Clin Oral Investig 2007; 11(4): 425-429.
Caglar E, Kuscu OO, Cildir SK, Kuvvetli SS, Sandalli N. A probiotic lozenge administered medical device and its effect on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008; 18(1): 35-39.
Caglar E, Kuscu OO, Selvi Kuvvetli S, Kavaloglu Cildir S, Sandalli N, Twetman S. Short-term effect of ice-cream containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 on the number of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Acta Odontol Scand 2008; 66(3): 154-158.
Stecksén-Blicks C, Sjöström I, Twetman S. Effect of long-term consumption of milk supplemented with probiotic lactobacilli and fluoride on dental caries and general health in preschool children: a cluster-randomized study. Caries Res 2009; 43(5): 374-381.
Cogulu D, Topaloglu-Ak A, Caglar E, Sandalli N, Karagozlu C, Ersin N et al. Potential effects of a multistrain probiotic-kefir on salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. J Dent Sci 2010; 5(3): 144-149.
Lexner MO, Blomqvist S, Dahlen G, Twetman S. Microbiological profiles in saliva and supragingival plaque from caries-active adolescents before and after a short-term daily intake of milk supplemented with probiotic bacteria - a pilot study. Oral Heal Prev Dent 2010; 8(4): 383-388.
Aminabadi NA, Erfanparast L, Ebrahimi A, Oskouei SG. Effect of chlorhexidine pretreatment on the stability of salivary lactobacilli probiotic in six-to twelve-year-old children: a randomized controlled trial. Caries Res 2011; 45(2): 148-154.
Jindal G, Pandey RK, Agarwal J, Singh M. A comparative evaluation of probiotics on salivary mutans streptococci counts in Indian children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2011; 12(4): 211-215.
Mortazavi S, Akhlaghi N. Salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli levels following probiotic cheese consumption in adults: a double blind randomized clinical trial. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17(1): 57-66.
Taipale T, Pienihäkkinen K, Salminen S, Jokela J, Söderling E. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 administration in early childhood: a randomized clinical trial of effects on oral colonization by mutans streptococci and the probiotic. Caries Res 2012; 46(1): 69-77.
Campus G, Cocco F, Carta G, Cagetti MG, Simark-Mattson C, Strohmenger L et al. Effect of a daily dose of Lactobacillus brevis CD2 lozenges in high caries risk schoolchildren. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18(2): 555-561.
Hasslöf P, West CE, Videhult FK, Brandelius C, Stecksén-Blicks C. Early intervention with probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei F19 has no long-term effect on caries experience. Caries Res 2013; 47(6): 559-565.
Nishihara T, Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Hirofuji T. Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius-containing tablets on caries risk factors: a randomized open-label clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14(1): 110.
Hedayati-Hajikand T, Lundberg U, Eldh C, Twetman S. Effect of probiotic chewing tablets on early childhood caries - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15(1): 112.
Colloca ME, Ahumada MC, López ME, Nader-Macías ME. Surface properties of lactobacilli isolated from healthy subjects. Oral Dis 2000; 6(4): 227-233.
Yli-Knuuttila H, Snäll J, Kari K, Meurman JH. Colonization of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the oral cavity. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2006; 21(2): 129-131.
Busscher HJ, Mulder AF, van der Mei HC. In vitro adhesion to enamel and in vivo colonization of tooth surfaces by Lactobacilli from a bio-yoghurt. Caries Res. 1999; 33(5): 403-404.
Matee MI, Mikx FH, Maselle SY, Van Palenstein Helderman WH. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in breast-fed children with rampant caries. Caries Res. 1992; 26(3): 183-187.
Gorbach SL, Goldin BR, inventors; New England Medical Center Inc, assignee. Lactobacillus strains and methods of selection. United States patent US 4839281(A). 1989 Jun 13.
Doron S, Snydman DR, Gorbach SL. Lactobacillus GG: bacteriology and clinical applications. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005; 34(3): 483-498.
Kõll P, Mändar R, Marcotte H, Leibur E, Mikelsaar M, Hammarström L. Characterization of oral lactobacilli as potential probiotics for oral health. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2008; 23(2): 139-147.
Pham LC, Hoogenkamp MA, Exterkate RA, Terefework Z, de Soet JJ, ten Cate JM et al. Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on saliva-derived microcosms. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56(2): 136-147.
Baca-Castañón ML, De la Garza-Ramos MA, Alcázar-Pizaña AG, Grondin Y, Coronado-Mendoza A, Sánchez-Najera RI et al. Antimicrobial effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, and periodontal diseases Actinomyces naeslundii and Tannerella forsythia. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2015; 7(1): 1-8.
Jalasvuori H, Haukioja A, Tenovuo J. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and ATCC 55730 differ in their cariogenic properties in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57(12): 1633-1638.
Madhwani T, McBain AJ. Bacteriological effects of a Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic on in vitro oral biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56(11): 1264-1273.
Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Moore CJ, Speiser G, Tagg JR. A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100(4): 754-764.
Huang SC, Burne RA, Chen YY. The pH-dependent expression of the urease operon in Streptococcus salivarius is mediated by CodY. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80(17): 5386-5393.
Tong H, Gao X, Dong X. Streptococcus oligofermentans sp. nov., a novel oral isolate from caries-free humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53(Pt 4): 1101-1104.
Tong H, Chen W, Merritt J, Qi F, Shi W, Dong X. Streptococcus oligofermentans inhibits Streptococcus mutans through conversion of lactic acid into inhibitory H2O2: a possible counteroffensive strategy for interspecies competition. Mol Microbiol 2007; 63(3): 872-880.
Caufield PW, Dasanayake AP, Li Y, Pan Y, Hsu J, Hardin JM. Natural history of Streptococcus sanguinis in the oral cavity of infants: evidence for a discrete window of infectivity. Infect Immun 2000; 68(7): 4018-4023.
Kreth J, Zhang Y, Herzberg MC. Streptococcal antagonism in oral biofilms: Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii interference with Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 2008; 190(13): 4632-4640.
Kreth J, Merritt J, Shi W, Qi F. Competition and coexistence between streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguinis in the dental biofilm. J Bacteriol 2005; 187(21): 7193-7203.
Strahinic I, Busarcevic M, Pavlica D, Milasin J, Golic N, Topisirovic L. Molecular and biochemical characterizations of human oral lactobacilli as putative probiotic candidates. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2007; 22(2): 111-117.
Bosch M, Nart J, Audivert S, Bonachera MA, Alemany AS, Fuentes MC et al. Isolation and characterization of probiotic strains for improving oral health. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57(5): 539-549.
Camelo-Castillo A, Benítez-Páez A, Belda-Ferre P, Cabrera-Rubio R, Mira A. Streptococcus dentisani sp. nov., a novel member of the mitis group. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64(Pt 1): 60-65.
Wu CC, Lin CT, Wu CY, Peng WS, Lee MJ, Tsai YC. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30(1): 16-26.
Terai T, Okumura T, Imai S, Nakao M, Yamaji K, Ito M et al. Screening of probiotic candidates in human oral bacteria for the prevention of dental disease. PLoS One 2015; 10(6): e0128657. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128657
Busarcevic M, Dalgalarrondo M. Purification and genetic characterisation of the novel bacteriocin LS2 produced by the human oral strain Lactobacillus salivarius BGHO1. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40(2): 127-134.
Sanders ME, Akkermans LM, Haller D, Hammerman C, Heimbach J, Hörmannsperger G et al. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut Microbes 2010; 1(3): 164-185.
Burton JP, Wescombe PA, Moore CJ, Chilcott CN, Tagg JR. Safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(4): 3050-3053.
Senok AC, Ismaeel AY, Botta GA. Probiotics: facts and myths. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11(12): 958-966.
Petti S, Tarsitani G, D’Arca AS. A randomized clinical trial of the effect of yoghurt on the human salivary microflora. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46(8): 705-712.
Kilian M, Frandsen EV, Haubek D, Poulsen K. The etiology of periodontal disease revisited by population genetic analysis. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42(1): 158-179.
Devine DA, Marsh PD. Prospects for the development of probiotics and prebiotics for oral applications. J Oral Microbiol [Internet] 2009; 1. Disponible en: http://www.journaloforalmicrobiology.net/index.php/jom/article/view/1949
Samot J, Badet C. Antibacterial activity of probiotic candidates for oral health. Anaerobe 2013; 19(1): 34-38.
Stamatova I, Meurman JH. Probiotics: Health benefits in the mouth. Am J Dent 2009; 22(6): 329-338.
Suárez JE. Microbiota autóctona, probióticos y prebióticos. Nutr Hosp 2013; 28 (1): 38-41.
Makinen K, Berger B, Bel-Rhlid R, Ananta E. Science and technology for the mastership of probiotic applications in food products. J Biotechnol 2012; 162(4): 356-365.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
Copyright comprises moral and patrimonial rights.
1. Moral rights: are born at the moment of the creation of the work, without the need to register it. They belong to the author in a personal and unrelinquishable manner; also, they are imprescriptible, unalienable and non negotiable. Moral rights are the right to paternity of the work, the right to integrity of the work, the right to maintain the work unedited or to publish it under a pseudonym or anonymously, the right to modify the work, the right to repent and, the right to be mentioned, in accordance with the definitions established in article 40 of Intellectual property bylaws of the Universidad (RECTORAL RESOLUTION 21231 of 2005).
2. Patrimonial rights: they consist of the capacity of financially dispose and benefit from the work trough any mean. Also, the patrimonial rights are relinquishable, attachable, prescriptive, temporary and transmissible, and they are caused with the publication or divulgation of the work. To the effect of publication of articles in the journal Revista de la Facultad de Odontología, it is understood that Universidad de Antioquia is the owner of the patrimonial rights of the contents of the publication.
The content of the publications is the exclusive responsibility of the authors. Neither the printing press, nor the editors, nor the Editorial Board will be responsible for the use of the information contained in the articles.
I, we, the author(s), and through me (us), the Entity for which I, am (are) working, hereby transfer in a total and definitive manner and without any limitation, to the Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia, the patrimonial rights corresponding to the article presented for physical and digital publication. I also declare that neither this article, nor part of it has been published in another journal.
Open Access Policy
The articles published in our Journal are fully open access, as we consider that providing the public with free access to research contributes to a greater global exchange of knowledge.
Creative Commons License
The Journal offers its content to third parties without any kind of economic compensation or embargo on the articles. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license, known as Attribution – NonCommercial – Share Alike (BY-NC-SA), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited and that the new productions are licensed under the same conditions.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
