International Trade and Justice as Synonyms of Well-being The Search of a Balance between Multilateralism and Minilateralism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.esde.v79n173a04Keywords:
GATT – Trade – Multilateralism – MinilateralismAbstract
By adopting a phenomenological and hermeneutic methodology and in order to find a balance between a classic multilateralism and a modern minilateralism in the context of international economic relations seeking to achieve justice, order, and generally, global well-being, a working hypothesis is put forward according to which as long as international trade agreements include provisions protecting human rights in the form of erga omnes obligations and considering human dignity as supreme source of law and juridical value, on the one hand, the chance of eroding the system by public choice typical maneuvers is mitigated and, on the other hand, a rather cold goal of trade liberalization as set forth in Article II of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is provided with a sense of justice. With this approach to international trade agreements a synonym between fair trade and free trade can actually be found.
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References
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Cao, L. (1997). Toward a New Sensibility for International Economic Development. Texas International Law Journal, 32, 209-270.
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Howse, R. (2016). The World Trade Organization 20 Years On: Global Governance by Judiciary. European Journal of International Law, 27(1), 9.
Hsieh, P. (2018). Against Populist Isolationism: New Asian Regionalism and Global South Powers in International Economic Law. Cornell International Law Journal, 51, 683-729.
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_644
Leal-Arcas, R (2011). Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements: Complementing or Supplanting Multilateralism? Chicago Journal of International Law, 11, 597-628.
Leal-Arcas, R. (2017). Sustainability, Common Concern, and Public Goods. George Washington International Law Review, 49, 801-876.
Leal-Arcas, R. (2018). New Frontiers of International Economic Law: The Quest for Sustainable Development. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 40, 83-132.
Lee, Y. (2020). International Trade Law Post Neoliberalism. Buffalo Law Review, 68, 413-478.
Linarelli, J. (2011). International Law Ten Years from Now: International Trade Law: Redesigning Global Trade Institutions. Southwestern Journal of International Law, 18, 75-86.
Mahoney, R. (2020). Colombia. What Everyone Needs to Know. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Melo, B. (2017). Setting the Rules of the Game: The Rise (and Fall) of Mega-Regional Deep Integration and the Role of the WTO. UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, 21, 151-203.
Orzivu, W. (2006). Globalism, Regionalism or Both: Health Policy and Regional Economic Integration in Developing Countries, An Evolution of a Legal Regime? Minnesota Journal of International Law, 15, 111-187.
Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/sp/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
Petersmann, E. (2016). Methodology Problems in International Economic Law and Adjudication. Jindal Global Law Review, 7, 279-331.
Platón (1999). Las Leyes (J. M. Pabón y M. Fernández, Trad.). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales y Políticos. (Obra originalmente publicada entre 360-348/7 a.c.).
Repousis, O. (2017). Multilateral Investment Treaties in Africa and the Antagonistic Narratives of Bilateralism and Regionalism. Texas International Law Journal, 52, 313-367.
Rolland, S. (2017). Foreword: Making International Economic Law Work: Integrating Disciplines and Broadening Policy Choices. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 48, 371-380.
Rusia — Medidas que afectan al tráfico en tránsito, https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dispu_s/cases_s/ds512_s.htm
Schaefer, M. (2007). Ensuring that Regional Trade Agreements Complement the WTO System: US Unilateralism, A Supplement to WTO Initiatives? Journal of International Economic Law, 10(3), 585.
Shadikhodjaev, S. (2013). Keeping Regionalism under ‘Control’ of the Multilateral Trading System: State of Play and Prospects. Law and Business Review of the Americas, 19, 327-354.
Shadikhodjaev, S. (2017). The “Regionalism vs. Multilateralism” Issue in International Trade Law: Revisiting the Peru-Agricultural Products Case. Chinese Journal of International Law, 16(1), 109-123.
Shaffer, G. (2019). Retooling Trade Agreements for Social Inclusion. University of Illinois Law Review, 2019, 1-42.
Shaffer, G. & Elsig, M. & Puig, S. (2016). The Extensive (But Fragile) Authority of the WTO Appellate Body. Law & Contemporary Problems, 79, 237-273.
Téllez, A. (2020). Tratados internacionales, interpretación y búsqueda de significados: un enfoque complementario. Revista de derecho Universidad del Norte, 54, 201-221.
The importance of improving public health in Latin America. (2020). LatinAmerican Post. En Latam. Recuperado de https://latinamericanpost.com/35013-the-importance-of-improving-public-health-in-latin-america
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Trebilcock, M. & Trachtman, J. (2020). Advanced Introduction to International Trade Law. Northampton: Elgar.
Trommer, S. (2017). The WTO in an Era of Preferential Trade Agreements: Thick and Thin Institutions in Global Trade Governance. World Trade Review, 16(3), 501-526.
Van den Broek, N. (2017). John Jackson and the Architecture of Global Trade and Economic Law. Journal of International Economic Law, 20(3), 741.
Wang, J. (2018). Between Power Politics and International Economic Law: Asian Regionalism, The Transpacific Partnership and U.S.-China Trade Relations. Pace International Law Review, 30, 383-438.
Zang, M. (2019). When the Multilateral Meets the Regionals: Regional Trade Agreements at WTO Dispute Settlement. World Trade Review, 18(1), 33-61.
Acuerdo sobre la aplicación de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, 1995, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm
Acuerdo sobre Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio, 1995, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tbt_e/tbt_e.htm
Agon, S. (2020). Sustaining Multilateralism from the Bench. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 38, 65-123.
Alschner, W. (2014). Regionalism and Overlap in Investment Treaty Law: Towards Consolidation or Contradiction? Journal of International Economic Law, 17(2), 271.
Arcuri, A. (2020). International Economic Law and Disintegration: Beware the Schmittean Moment. Journal of International Economic Law, 23, 323-345.
Baquero, M. (2005). Open Regionalism in Latin America: An Appraisal. Law and Business Review of the Americas, 11, 139-180.
Boisson, L. (2019). International Economic Law and the Quest for Universality. Leiden Journal of International Law, 32, 401-414.
Bradford, A. & Posner, E. (2011). Universal Exceptionalism in International Law. Harvard International Law Journal, 52, 1-54.
Brummer, C. (2014). Minilateralism. How Trade Alliances, Soft Law, and Financial Engineering are Redefining Economic Statecraft. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Cao, L. (1997). Toward a New Sensibility for International Economic Development. Texas International Law Journal, 32, 209-270.
Chaffee, E. (2016). Confounding Ockham’s Razor: Minilateralism and International Economic Regulation. Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial and Commercial Law, 10, 319-341.
Chalmers, D. (2019). Regional Organizations and the Reintegrating of International Law. European Journal of International Law, 30(1), 163.
Chase, K. (2006). Multilateralism Compromised: The Mysterious Origins of GATT Article XXIV. World Trade Review, 5(1), 1-30.
Chow, D. & Sheldon, I. & McGuire, I. (2019). The Revival of Economic Nationalism and the Global Trading System. Cardozo Law Review, 40, 2133-2169.
Claussen, K. (2018). Separation of Trade Law Powers. The Yale Journal of International Law, 43, 315-353.
Commission sets course for an open, sustainable and assertive EU trade policy. (2021). European Commission. En European Commission Press Corner. Recuperado de
Convención de Viena sobre Derecho de los Tratados, 1969, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf
Danielsen, D. (2011). Economic Approaches to Global Regulation: Expanding the International Law and Economics Paradigm. Journal of International Business & Law, 10, 23-89.
De Lombaerde, P. & Lizarazo, L. (2014-2015). International Regionalism and National Constitutions: A Jurimetric Assessment. Journal of Transnational Law and Policy, 24, 23-63.
Declaración sobre los principios de derecho internacional referentes a las relaciones de amistad y la cooperación entre los Estados de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, Anexo a la Resolución 2625 de la XXV Asamblea General de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, 1970, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/25A1C8E35B23161C852570C4006E50AB
Desierto, D. (2018). Shifting Sands in the International Economic System: “Arbitrage” in International Economic Law and International Human Rights, Georgetown Journal of International Law, 49, 1019-1115.
Estados Unidos — Medidas que afectan al suministro transfronterizo de servicios de juegos de azar y apuestas, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds285_e.htm
Europe and the Prospects of WTO Reform. (2021). Council of Foreign Relations. En Council on Foreign Relations 100. Recuperado de https://www.cfr.org/blog/europe-and-prospects-wto-reform
Froese, M. (2016). Mapping the Scope of Dispute Settlement in Regional Trade Agreements: Implications for the Multilateral Governance of Trade. World Trade Review, 15(4), 563-585.
García Maynez, E. (1990). Introducción al estudio del derecho. Ciudad de México: Porrúa.
García, J. & Montes, E. & Giraldo, I. (Eds.) (2019). Comercio exterior en Colombia: política, instituciones, costos y resultados (1 ed). Bogotá: Banco de la República.
Gingsburg, T. (2020). Authoritarian International Law? American Journal of International Law, 114, 221-259.
Gini index (World Bank estimate). (2021). World Bank. En The World Bank Data. Recuperado de https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI
Harris, R & Moon, G. (2015). GATT Article XX and Human Rights: What Do We Know from the First 20 Years? Melbourne Journal of International Law, 16, 176-227.
Hassanien, M. (2008). Bilateralism and Multilateralism: Can Public International Law Reconcile Between Them? Real Options for Further Developments in WTO Jurisprudence. Asper Review of International Business & Trade Law, 8, 51-85.
Howse, R. (2016). The World Trade Organization 20 Years On: Global Governance by Judiciary. European Journal of International Law, 27(1), 9.
Hsieh, P. (2018). Against Populist Isolationism: New Asian Regionalism and Global South Powers in International Economic Law. Cornell International Law Journal, 51, 683-729.
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_644
Leal-Arcas, R (2011). Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements: Complementing or Supplanting Multilateralism? Chicago Journal of International Law, 11, 597-628.
Leal-Arcas, R. (2017). Sustainability, Common Concern, and Public Goods. George Washington International Law Review, 49, 801-876.
Leal-Arcas, R. (2018). New Frontiers of International Economic Law: The Quest for Sustainable Development. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 40, 83-132.
Lee, Y. (2020). International Trade Law Post Neoliberalism. Buffalo Law Review, 68, 413-478.
Linarelli, J. (2011). International Law Ten Years from Now: International Trade Law: Redesigning Global Trade Institutions. Southwestern Journal of International Law, 18, 75-86.
Mahoney, R. (2020). Colombia. What Everyone Needs to Know. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Melo, B. (2017). Setting the Rules of the Game: The Rise (and Fall) of Mega-Regional Deep Integration and the Role of the WTO. UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, 21, 151-203.
Orzivu, W. (2006). Globalism, Regionalism or Both: Health Policy and Regional Economic Integration in Developing Countries, An Evolution of a Legal Regime? Minnesota Journal of International Law, 15, 111-187.
Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/sp/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
Petersmann, E. (2016). Methodology Problems in International Economic Law and Adjudication. Jindal Global Law Review, 7, 279-331.
Platón (1999). Las Leyes (J. M. Pabón y M. Fernández, Trad.). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales y Políticos. (Obra originalmente publicada entre 360-348/7 a.c.).
Repousis, O. (2017). Multilateral Investment Treaties in Africa and the Antagonistic Narratives of Bilateralism and Regionalism. Texas International Law Journal, 52, 313-367.
Rolland, S. (2017). Foreword: Making International Economic Law Work: Integrating Disciplines and Broadening Policy Choices. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 48, 371-380.
Rusia — Medidas que afectan al tráfico en tránsito, https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dispu_s/cases_s/ds512_s.htm
Schaefer, M. (2007). Ensuring that Regional Trade Agreements Complement the WTO System: US Unilateralism, A Supplement to WTO Initiatives? Journal of International Economic Law, 10(3), 585.
Shadikhodjaev, S. (2013). Keeping Regionalism under ‘Control’ of the Multilateral Trading System: State of Play and Prospects. Law and Business Review of the Americas, 19, 327-354.
Shadikhodjaev, S. (2017). The “Regionalism vs. Multilateralism” Issue in International Trade Law: Revisiting the Peru-Agricultural Products Case. Chinese Journal of International Law, 16(1), 109-123.
Shaffer, G. (2019). Retooling Trade Agreements for Social Inclusion. University of Illinois Law Review, 2019, 1-42.
Shaffer, G. & Elsig, M. & Puig, S. (2016). The Extensive (But Fragile) Authority of the WTO Appellate Body. Law & Contemporary Problems, 79, 237-273.
Téllez, A. (2020). Tratados internacionales, interpretación y búsqueda de significados: un enfoque complementario. Revista de derecho Universidad del Norte, 54, 201-221.
The importance of improving public health in Latin America. (2020). LatinAmerican Post. En Latam. Recuperado de https://latinamericanpost.com/35013-the-importance-of-improving-public-health-in-latin-america
Trachtman, J. (2008). The Economic Structure of International Law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Trebilcock, M. & Trachtman, J. (2020). Advanced Introduction to International Trade Law. Northampton: Elgar.
Trommer, S. (2017). The WTO in an Era of Preferential Trade Agreements: Thick and Thin Institutions in Global Trade Governance. World Trade Review, 16(3), 501-526.
Van den Broek, N. (2017). John Jackson and the Architecture of Global Trade and Economic Law. Journal of International Economic Law, 20(3), 741.
Wang, J. (2018). Between Power Politics and International Economic Law: Asian Regionalism, The Transpacific Partnership and U.S.-China Trade Relations. Pace International Law Review, 30, 383-438.
Zang, M. (2019). When the Multilateral Meets the Regionals: Regional Trade Agreements at WTO Dispute Settlement. World Trade Review, 18(1), 33-61.
Published
2022-03-22
How to Cite
Téllez-Núñez, A. (2022). International Trade and Justice as Synonyms of Well-being The Search of a Balance between Multilateralism and Minilateralism. Estudios De Derecho, 79(173). https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.esde.v79n173a04
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