Extracción supercrítica de aceite de semillas de papaya (Carica papaya): Composición y propiedades fisicoquímicas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/10.17533/udea.vitae.v24n2(2)a05Keywords:
Aceite de semillas de papaya, CO2, supercrítico, ácidos grasos insaturados, vitamina E, EscualenoAbstract
Antecedentes: La papaya (Carica papaya) contiene entre el 15% y 20% de semillas, las cuales son consideradas residuos agroindustriales que generalmente no tienen ningún valor y manejo adecuado. Objetivos: se realizó la extracción de aceite de semillas de papaya con dióxido de carbono supercrítico bajo diferentes condiciones de presión y temperatura con el fin de evaluar su efecto sobre el rendimiento, composición en ácidos grasos, esteroles y tocoferoles. Además, se determinaron propiedades fisicoquímicas como parámetros de calidad del aceite. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño central compuesto utilizando la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Se emplearon presiones entre 20 y 35 MPa y temperaturas entre 40 y 60°C con un flujo de CO2 constante de 30 g/min y un tiempo de extracción de 150 min. La composición en ácidos grasos se analizó por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización en llama. Los esteroles y tocoferoles se analizaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas se realizaron de acuerdo a las Normas Técnicas Colombianas y de la AOAC. Resultados: La presión, temperatura y sus interacciones tuvieron un efecto estadísticamente significativo (p<0,05) sobre el rendimiento. Un rendimiento óptimo del 26,3% en aceite se obtuvo a 38,1 MPa y 36 °C. En el aceite se encontró un alto contenido de ácido oleico y en menor proporción los acidos grasos: palmítico, linoleico, esteárico, palmitoleico, láurico, linolénico y mirístico. Además, se identificaron componentes minoritarios tales como: campesterol, estigmasterol, β-sitosterol, cicloartenol, sitostenona, escualeno y ɑ-tocoferol. Conclusiones: La extracción supercrítica permitió la obtención de un alto rendimiento en aceite de semillas de papaya, y una extracción selectiva en ácidos grasos y escualeno, lo cual puede ser de interés para diferentes industrias.Downloads
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