Efecto inmunomodulador de nanopartículas usadas en nanomedicina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.v29n4a06Palabras clave:
inmunomodulación, Nanomedicina, nanopartículas de plataResumen
Las nanopartículas (NP) son estructuras con un tamaño en la escala nanométrica (1x10-6m). Por sus características, en los últimos años ha crecido el potencial de las NP para ser usadas en el campo biotecnológico y biomédico en una amplia gama de aplicaciones, tales como el diagnóstico, la terapia y la medicina regenerativa.
El sistema inmunológico es el responsable de la defensa del cuerpo ante organismos patógenos y otros agentes extraños, como las NP, que pueden ser reconocidas por el sistema inmunológico, interactuar con éste y modular su función induciendo un efecto inmunosupresor o inmunoestimulador. Las NP con efectos inmunosupresores podrían ser utilizadas como agentes terapéuticos anti-inflamatorios o para tratar las enfermedades autoinmunes y las NP que activan el sistema inmune como adyuvantes en vacunación o potenciadores de la respuesta inmune en cáncer y otras patologías humanas. Sin embargo, su uso en nanomedicina debe estar sujeto a ensayos previos que determinen su efecto en la respuesta inmune antes de ser aplicadas a los sistemas biológicos. Por esta razón es importante conocer la composición, tamaño y características de la superficie, entre otras propiedades fisicoquímicas de las NP, directamente implicadas en sus efectos sobre el sistema inmune. Aquí recopilamos una visión general de la relación entre las propiedades físico-químicas de las NP candidatas para ser usadas en el campo biomédico y biotecnológico y su actividad inmunomoduladora.
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