In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Particulate Matter from Diesel and Diesel/Natural Gas Engine Combustion on a Human Lung Cell Line
Keywords:
Particulate Matter, Reactive oxygen species, Apoptosis, Vehicle Emissions, NoxaeAbstract
According to the WHO, Colombia is the second country in Latin America with the highest levels of air pollution. Particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm is associated with various adverse health effects, particularly related to the respiratory system. Diesel engines produce up to 20 times more PM, while diesel-natural gas engines reduce these emissions. However, little is known about the biological effects of such PM. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PM produced by the combustion of diesel and diesel/natural gas engines on the human epithelial cell line, A549. A549 cells were exposed to doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 10 μg/mL of PM from each of the test fuels. TEM microscopy, MTT, DCFH-DA, apoptosis, and comet assays were conducted. The results showed that PM enters the cells. For diesel, the 5.0 μg/mL concentration reduced cell viability, increased ROS production, and increased apoptotic cells. For the dual fuel, it was found that the concentrations of 2.5 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL reduced cell viability, 2.5 μg/mL increased ROS production, and increased apoptotic cells. The comet assay did not show significant differences between the types of fuel and treatments. In conclusion, this study suggests that DNA damage mediated by ROS, depending on the PM concentration, may play an important role in cell death, with a greater impact for diesel compared to the dual fuel.
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