A Antropologia física e o diagnóstico do sexo no esqueleto a partir do crâneo: métodos atuais e futuras perspectivas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.boan.v30n50a04Palavras-chave:
dimorfismo sexual, cranio, Antropología física, osteologíaResumo
Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar o conceito de "dimorfismo secual humano" em relação com sua aplicação no diagnóstico do sexo no crânio como uma das principais tarefas da Antropologia Forense na reconstrução da osteobiografia. De maneira semelhante, pretende-se realizar uma versão das publicações científicas mais destacadas nas últimas cinco décadas, com o propósito de caracterizar as tendências metodológicas e do estado da arte, assim como para a articulação de novas técnicas e perspectivas sobre o problema da avaliação do sexo a partir do crânio nos restos humanos esqueletizados na Colômbia.
Downloads
Referências
Acsádi, György y Nemeskéri, János (1970). History of human life span and mortality. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
Albanese, John (2003). “A metric method of sex determination using the hipbone and the femur”. En: Journal of forensic sciences, vol. 48, pp. 263-273.
Alemán Aguilera, Inmaculada; Botella López, Miguel C. y Ruiz Rodríguez, Luis (1997). “Determinación del sexo en el esqueleto postcraneal. Estudio de una población mediterránea actual”. En: Archivo español de morfología, vol. 2, pp. 69-79.
Allen, Laura S. y Gorski, Roger A. (1990). “Sex differences in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain”. En: Archivo español de morfología, vol. 302, pp. 697-706.
Allen, Laura S. et al. (1989). “Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain”. En: Journal of Neuroscience,vol. 9, pp. 497-506.
Armelagos, George J. y Van Gerven, Dennis P (2003). “A Century of Skeletal Biology and Paleopathology: Contrast, Contradictions, and Conflicts". En: American Anthropologist, vol. 105, N.°1, pp. 53-64.
Arsuaga, Juan Luis y Carretero, José Miguel (1994). “Multivariate analysis of the sexual dimorphism of the hip bone in a modern human population and in early hominids”. En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 93, pp. 241-257.
Aydinlioglu, Alif et al. (2000). “Sex differences in dog corpus callosum”. En: European Journal of Morphology, vol. 38, pp. 63-67. Bass, William M. Human Osteology. A laboratory and field manual. 5.a ed. Missouri Archaeological Society, Missouri.
Bean, Allison (1999). “Ecology of sex differences in great ape foraging”. En: Lee, Phyllis C. (ed.), Comparative primate socioecology. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology (N.° 22). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 339-362.
Bishop, Katherine M. y Wahlsten, Douglas (1997). “Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: myth or reality?”. En: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 21, N.° 5, pp. 581-601.
Blackless, Melanie et al. (2000). “How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and Synthesis”. En: American Journal of Human Biology, vol. 12, pp. 151-166.
Breis, Francisco del Baño (1982) Diccionario de ciencias naturales. Consejería de Cultura y Educación, Murcia.
Brothwell, Don R. (1981). Digging up bones. 3.a ed. Cornell University Press Ithaca, New York.
Buikstra, Jane E. y Ubelaker, Douglas H. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Proceedings of a Seminar at The Field Museum of Natural History Organized by Jonathan Haas. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series N.° 44, Arkansas.
Burns, Karen R. (2008). Manual de antropología forense. Barcelona, Bellaterra.
Byers, Steven N. (2002). Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Camacho, Francisco Javier, Pellico, Luis G. y Rodríguez, Rafael F. (1993). “Osteometry of the human iliac crest: Patterns of normality and its utility in sexing human remains”. En: Journal of forensic sciences, vol. 38, pp. 779-787.
Cardoso, Hugo F. V. y Saunders, Shelley R. (2008). “Two arch criteria of the ilium for sex determination of immature skeletal remains: a test of their accuracy and an assessment of intra- and interobserver error”. En: Forensic Science International, vol. 178, pp. 24-29.
Comas Camps, Juan (1960). Manual of Physical Anthropology. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield.
Comisión Nacional de Búsqueda de personas Desaparecidas (2011). Estadísticas de personas desaparecidas. [En línea:] http://www.comisiondebusqueda.com/mapaDeBusqueda.php. (Consultado el 14 de octubre del 2011).
Davatkizos, Christos y Resnick, Susan M (1998). “Sex differences in anatomic measures of Interhemispheric connectivity: correlations with cognition in Women but not Men”. En: Cerebral Cortex, vol. 8, N.° 7, pp. 635-640.
Dayal, Manisha. R., Spocter, Muhammad A. y Bidmos, Mubarak A. (2008) “An assessment of sex using the skull of black South Africans by discriminant function analysis” En: HOMO- Journal of comparative human biology, vol. 59, N.° 3, pp. 209-221.
DeSilva, Rebecca; Flavel, Ambika y Franklin, Daniel (2014). “Estimation of sex from the metric assessment of digital hand radiographs in a Western Australian population”. En: Forensic Science International, vol. 244, N.° 314, pp. 1-7.
Edwards, Katherine et al. (2014). “Sex estimation”. En: Christensen, Angi M.; Passalacqua, Nicholas V. y Bartelink, Eric J. (aut.), Forensic Anthropology. Current Methods and Practice. Academic Press, California, pp. 199-220.
El Espectador (2010, 7 de noviembre). “Fiscalía llegó a los 10 mil N. N.”. En: El Espectador [En línea:] http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/temadeldia/articuloimpreso-233695-fiscalia-llego-los-10-mil-nn. (Consultado el 23 de enero del 2011).
Enlow, Donald H. y Hans, Mark G. (1977). Manual sobre crecimiento facial. Interamericana, Buenos Aires, pp. 4-39.
Fan, Lingzhong et al. (2010). “Sexual dimorphism and asymmetry in human cerebellum: An MRIbased morphometric study”. En: Brain research, 1353, pp. 60-73.
Fiscalía General de la Nación (2015). Diligencias de exhumación efectuadas por departamento desde el 29 de marzo de 2006 hasta la fecha por la Unidad Nacional de Fiscalías para la Justicia y la Paz. [En línea] http://www.fiscalia.gov.co/jyp/wp-content/uploads/2015/mapa-de-colombia-20150408.pdf. (Consultado el 20 de abril del 2015).
Flander, Louisa Beyer (1978). “Univariate and multivariate methods for sexing the sacrum”. En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 49, pp. 103-110.
France, Diane (1998). “Observational and metric analysis of sex in the skeleton”. En: Reichs, Kathleen J. (ed.), Forensic Osteology. Advances in the Identification of human remains. 2.a ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 163-186.
Franklin, Daniel (2010) “Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions”. En: Legal Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 1-7.
Frayer, David W. (1978). The Evolution of the Dentition in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe. Publication in Anthropology, N.° 10, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
___ (1980). “Sexual dimorphism and cultural evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Europe”. En: Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 9, pp. 399-415.
Frayer, David W. y Wolpoff, Milford H. (1985). “Sexual dimorphism”. En: Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 14, pp. 429-473.
Gapert, René, Black, Sue y Last, Jason (2009). “Sex determination from the foramen magnum: discriminant function analysis in an eighteenth and nineteenth century British sample”. En: International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 123, N.° 1, pp. 25-33.
Garn Stanley M., Lewis, Arthur B. y Vicinus, Joan H. (1963). “The inheritance of symphyseal size during growth”. En: The Angle Orthodontist, vol. 33, pp. 222-231.
Gil-Verona, José Antonio et al. (2003). “Diferencias sexuales en el sistema nervioso humano. Una revisión desde el punto de vista psiconeurobiológico”. En: Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, vol. 3, N.° 2, pp. 351-361.
Guillamón, Antonio y Segovia, Santiago (1997). “Sex differences in the vomeronasal system”. En: Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 44, N.° 4, pp. 377-382.
Haugaard, Lisa y Nicholls, Kelly (2010). Rompiendo el silencio. En la búsqueda de los desaparecidos en Colombia. Grupo de trabajo sobre Asuntos Latinoamericanos y la Oficina de los Estados Unidos sobre Colombia. [En línea:] http://lawg.org/storage/documents/Colombia/RompiendoEl-Silencio.pdf. (Consultado el 3 de marzo del 2011).
Hauser, Gertrud y Jahn, R. (1984). “Sexual dimorphism in pelvic height”. En: Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 13, pp. 589-592.
Hofman, Michel A. y Swaab, Dick F. (1989). “The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the human brain: A comparative morphometric study”. En: Journal of Anatomy, vol. 164, pp. 55-72.
Ide, Andres y Aboitiz, Francisco (2001). “A sex difference in the postcentral sulcus of the human brain”. En: Brain Research, vol. 890, pp. 330-332.
Isaza, Juliana et al. (2014). “Assessment of sex from endocranial cavity using volume rendered CT scans in a sample from Medellín, Colombia”. En: Forensic Science International, vol. 234, pp. 186.e1-186.e10.
ïscan, Mehmet Yassar y Derrick, K. (1984). Determination of sex from the sacroiliac joint: A visual assessment technique”. En: Florida scientist, vol. 47, pp. 94-98.
Jain, Sunil Kumar; Choudhary, Alok Kumar y Mishra, Pankaj (2013). “Morphometric evaluation of foramen magnum for sex determination in a documented north Indian sample”. En: Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, vol. 2, N.° 42, pp. 8093-8098.
Jurmain, Robert et al. (2014). Introduction to physical anthropology. Wadsworth, California, Estados Unidos.
Komar, Debra y Buikstra, Jane (2009). Forensic Anthropology. Contemporary Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Konigsberg, Lyle W., Herrmann, Nicholas P. y Wescott, Daniel J. (2002). “Commentary on McBride DG, Dietz MJ, Vennemeyer MT, Meadows SA, Benfer RA, Furbee NL. Bootstrap methods for sex determination from the os coxae using the ID3 algorithm”. En: Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 46, pp. 427-431. Commentary in the Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 47, pp. 424-426.
Koscik, Tim et al. (2009). “Sex differences in parietal lobe morphology: Relationship to mental rotation performance”. En: Brain and Cognition, vol. 69, pp. 451-459.
Krogman Wilton Marion e Ïscan, Mehmet Yassar (1986). The human skeleton in forensic medicine. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield.
Larsen, Clark Spencer (2003). “Equality for the sexes in human evolution? Early hominid sexual dimorphism and implications for mating systems and social behavior”. En: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, N.° 16, pp. 9103-9104.
Loth, Susan R. y Henneberg, Maciej (2001). “Sexually Dimorphic Mandibular Morphology in the First Few Years of Life". En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 115, pp. 179-186.
MacMaster, Frank P. et al. (2007) “Development and sexual dimorphism of the pituitary gland”. En: Life Sciences, vol. 13, N.° 80 (10), pp. 940-944.
Manoel, C. et al. (2009). “Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in human skulls of brazilian individuals: its relation to gender”. En: Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, vol. 26, N.° 2, pp. 104-108.
McBride, Daniel G. et al.(2001). “Bootstrap methods of sex determination from the os coxae using the ID3 Algorithm”. En: Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 46, pp. 427-431.
Mittler, Diane M. y Sheridan, Susan Guise (1992). “Sex determination in subadults using auricular Surface morphology: A forensic science perspective”. En: Journal of forensic sciences, vol. 37, pp. 1068-1075.
Moore, Megan K. (2012). “Sex estimation and assessment”. En: Digangi, Elizabeth A. y Moore, Megan K. (aut.), Research methods in human skeletal biology. Academic Press, San Diego.
Nopoulos, Peg et al. (2000). “Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: evaluation of tissue volume, tissue composition and surface anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging”. En: Psychiatry Reserch: Neuroimaging Section. vol. 98, pp. 1-13.
Orban, Rosine y Polet, Caroline (2005). “Diagnóstico de la edad de muerte y determinación del sexo” En: Rebato, Ester, Susanne, Charles y Chiarelli, Brunetto (eds.), Para comprender la Antropología Biológica. Verbo divino, Navarra, pp. 131-136.
Pacheco Del Cerro, José Luis (2005). “Crecimiento y deporte” En: E. Rebato, C. Susanne y B. Chiarelli (eds.), Para comprender la Antropología Biológica. Verbo divino, Navarra, pp. 529-535.
Passe, Theodore J. et al. (1997). “Age and sex effects on brain morphology”. En: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatr, vol. 21, pp. 1231-1237.
Phenice, Terrell Wayne (1969). “A newly developed visual method of sexing the Os pubis”. En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 30, pp. 297-302.
Raghavendra, Babu Y.P. et al. (2012). “Sex estimation from foramen magnum dimensions in an Indian population”. En: Journal of forensic and legal medicine, vol. 19, pp. 162-167.
Ranieri, José M.; Oyhenasrt, Evelia E. y Rodrigo, Maria A. (1999). "Influencia de la nutrición sobre la diferenciación sexual”. En: Revista argentina de antropología biológica, vol. 2, N.° 1, pp. 123-134.
Reno, Philip L. et al. (2003). “Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis was similar to that of modern humans”. En: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, N.° 16, pp. 9404-9409.
Reynolds, Earle L. (1947). “The bony pelvis in prepubertal childhood”. En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 5, pp. 165-200.
Rodríguez, José Vicente (2004). La antropología forense en la identificación humana. Guadalupe, Bogotá.
___ (2011). La identificación humana en Colombia. avances y perspectivas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
Rogers, Tracy. y Saunders, Shelley (1994). “Accuracy of sex determination using morphological traits of the human pelvis”. En: Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 39, pp. 1047-1056.
Romero-Torres, Mauricio; Acosta-Moreno, Luis Alberto y Tejada-Gómez, María Alejandra (2013). "Ranking de revistas científicas en Latinoamérica mediante el índice h: estudio de caso Colombia”. En: Revista Española de Documentación Científica, vol. 36, N.° 1, pp.1-13.
Rosas, Antonio et al. (2002). “Sexual dimorphism in the Atapuerca-SH hominids: the evidence from the mandibles”. En: Journal of human evolution, vol. 42, N.° 4, pp. 451-475.
Rösing, Friedrich W. et al. (2007). “Recommendations for the forensic diagnosis of sex and age from skeletons”. En: HOMO-Journal of Comparative Human Biology, vol. 58, N.° 1, pp. 75-89.
Salat, David et al. (1997). “Sex differences in the corpus callosum with aging”. En: Neurobiology of aging, vol. 18, N.° 2, pp. 191-197.
Sanabria Medina, César (2008). Antropología Forense y la Investigación Médico Legal de Las Muertes. Asociación Colombiana de Antropología Forense, Bogotá.
Shearer, Brian M. et al. (2012). “Sexual dimorphism in human browridge volume measured from 3D models of dry crania: A new digital morphometrics approach”. En: Forensic Science International, vol. 222, N.° 1, pp. 400.e1-400.e5.
Scheuer, J. ouise y Elkington, Nicholasm. (1993). "Sex determination from metacarpals and the first proximal phalanx”. En: Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 38, pp. 769-778.
Spradley, M. Katherine y Jantz, Richard L. (2011). “Sex estimation in forensic anthropology: skull versus postcranial elements”. En: Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 56, N.° 2, pp. 289-296.
Stewart, Thomas Dale (1979). Essentials of forensic anthropology. Charles C Thomas, Sprinngfield.
Steyn, Maryna e Iscan, Mehmet Yassar (1998). "Sexual dimorphism in the crania and mandibles of South African whites”. En: Forensic Science International, vol. 98, pp. 9-16.
Sullivan, Edith V. et al. (2001). “Sex differences in corpus callosum size: Relationship to age and intracranial size”. En: Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 22, pp. 603-611.
Susanne, Charles; Rebato, Esther y Chiarelli, Brunetto (2005). “Introducción”. En: Para comprender la Antropología Biológica. Verbo divino, Navarra.
Swaab, Dick F. y Hofman, Michel A. (1988). “Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalmus. Ontogeny of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area”. En: Developmental Brain Research, vol. 44, pp. 314-318.
Tanner, James Mourilyan (1962). Growth at adolescence. Blackwell, Oxford.
Veroni, Adam; Nikitovic, Dejana y Schillaci, Michael A. (2010). “Brief Communication: Sexual Dimorphism of the Juvenile Basicranium”. En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 141, pp. 147-151.
Vlak, Dejana, Roksandic, Mirjana y Schillaci, Michael A. (2008). “Greater sciatic notch as a sex indicator in juveniles”. En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 137, pp. 309-315.
Walker, Phillip L. (2008). “Sexing skulls using discriminant function analysis of visually assessed traits”. En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 136, pp. 39-50.
Weaver, David S. (1980). “Sex differences in the ilia of a known sex and age sample of fetal and infant skeletons”. En: American journal of physical anthropology, vol. 52, pp. 191-195.
White, Tim y Folkens, Pieter (2000). Human Osteology. 2.a ed. Academic Press, California.
___ (2005). The Human Bone Manual. Academic Press, California.
Wolpoff, Milford H. (1976). “Some Aspects of the Evolution of Early Hominid Sexual Dimorphism”. En: Current Anthropology, vol. 17, N.° 4, pp. 578-606.
___ (1980). Paleoanthropology. Knopf, New York.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Os autores que publiquem no “Boletim de Antropologia” aceitam as seguintes condições:
- Os autores conservam os direitos autorais e cedem à revista o direito da primeira publicação, com o trabalho cadastrado com a licença de atribuição de Creative-Commons, que permite a terceiros utilizar o publicado contanto que mencionem a autoria do trabalho e à primeira publicação nesta revista.
- Os autores podem realizar outros acordos contratuais independentes e adicionais para a distribuição não exclusiva da versão do artigo publicado nesta revista (por exemplo, incluí-lo em um repositório institucional ou publicá-lo em um livro) contanto que mencionem explicitamente que o trabalho foi publicado por primeira vez nesta revista.
