Residuos de plaguicidas en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) comercializado en Armenia, Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v24n2(2)a08Keywords:
Organochlorine pesticides, organophosphates, EADI, QuEChERS, TomatoAbstract
Antecedentes. El tomate chonto (Solanum lycopersicum) es común en la cocina colombiana. Este fruto es atacado por plagas que generan pérdidas superiores al 30%. La fumigación profusa de los cultivos genera un riesgo para los consumidores, por tal razón el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) restringe el uso de agroquímicos, sin embargo en el tomate comercializado se encuentra moléculas de endosulfán y 4,4’-DDT regulados y prohibidos en la mayoría de países, incluso en Colombia. La calidad del tomate se establece según las recomendaciones consignadas por el Códex Alimentarius referente a plaguicidas, que requieren para su análisis métodos sensibles, selectivos y aprobados. Objetivos. Este es el primer reporte que se hace del promedio de ingesta diaria estimada (EADI, Estimated Average Daily Intake) para residuos de plaguicidas presentes en tomates comercializados en Armenia (Quindío-Colombia). En el presente trabajo se modificó y verificó la metodología QuEChERS, con base en la norma EN15662, para análisis de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosorados en tomate. Métodos. Se implementó la Norma EN15662 para el análisis simultáneo por cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones (GC-µECD) de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados en tomate, mediante el cálculo de números analíticos de mérito a partir de la recta de calibración, el análisis de exactitud y el test de robustez Youden-Steiner. Se analizaron durante seis meses muestras de tomate comercializado en una tienda orgánica, Fruver (comercializador de verduras, frutas y hortalizas frescas) y catorce supermercados, para un total de 16 puntos de muestreo en el municipio de Armenia. Se estimó el EADI para residuos de plaguicidas encontrados. Resultados: Se analizaron 26 plaguicidas con porcentajes de recuperación promedio de 109% y desviación estándar relativa promedio de 14%. Límites de detección entre 0,5 y 257 ppb y límites de cuantificación entre 1,4 y 779 ppb para aldrín y diazinon, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La metodología mostró ser robusta en el análisis de residuos de plaguicidas. Clorpirifos, 4,4’-DDT, endosulfán y metoxicloro, a pesar de estar restringidos y/o prohibidos en Colombia, fueron encontrados en la mayoría de las muestras analizadas.Downloads
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