A brief history of tears and crying

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.95

Keywords:

anatomy, biological evolution, history of medicine, crying, psychology

Abstract

Tears and crying are biological phenomena framed in different social and cultural contexts throughout the years. This article is a review of the construction of different conceptions around tears and crying.
We explore proposals on the subject from the oldest civilizations, going through the discussion around the origin of tears (heart vs. brain), and the findings with the introduction of anatomical dissection and physiological experimentation.
Finally, the evolutionary and psychological positions of crying are exposed, to study its functionality in survival and its role in social relations. The aim of this article is to present, succinctly, what have been the tears and crying through the history.

|Abstract
= 712 veces | PDF (ESPAÑOL (ESPAÑA))
= 839 veces| | HTML (ESPAÑOL (ESPAÑA))
= 31 veces|

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Ximena Palacios-Espinosa, Del Rosario University

Professor, Individual, Family and Society Research Group (IFS), Psychology Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences.

María Catalina Sánchez-Martínez, Del Rosario University

Assistant Professor, Research Group in Medicine and Health Sciences Education, Medicine Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences.

Leonardo Palacios-Sánchez, Del Rosario University

Full-time Professor, Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), Medicine Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences.

Juan Camilo Zuluaga-González, Del Rosario University

Student of the Psychology program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences.

References

(1) Darwin C. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. 3 ed [internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 1872 [consultado: 2020 06 14]. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/cgBN4v3

(2) Murube J, Murube L, Murube A. Origin and types of emotional tearing. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999 Apr-Jun;9(2):77-84. DOI 10.1177/112067219900900201.

(3) González Álvarez J. Breve historia del cerebro. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica; 2010.

(4) Moore KL, Dalley II AF. Anatomía Clínica con orientación clínica. 5 ed. México: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2007.

(5) Lounsbury ML, Bates JE. The cries of infants of differing levels of perceived temperamental difficultness: Acoustic properties and effects on listeners. Child Dev. 1982;53:677-86. DOI 10.2307/1129380.

(6) Vingerhoets A. Why Only Humans Weep: Unravelling the Mysteries of Tears. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.

(7) Mayorga MT. Película lagrimal: estructura y funciones. Cienc Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul. 2008;11:121-31.

(8) Lhermitte J. Les mécanismes du cerveau. París: Gallimard; 1937.

(9) Martínez F, Decuadro-Sáenz G. Claudio Galeno and the lateral ventricles [internet]. Neurocirugía. 2008 Feb [cited 2020 nov 11];19(1):58-65. Available from: https://cutt.ly/vgB1OAr

(10) Stevens L. Exploradores del cerebro. Barcelona: Barral editores S.A; 1974.

(11) Benton A. Historical aspects of cerebral localization. En: Riva D, Benton A (eds). Localization of Brain Lesions and Developmental Fuctions. England: John Libbey & Company; 2000.

(12) Toro G, Román G, Uribe C. Neurociencia, contribución a la historia. Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Salud. Imprenta Nacional de Colombia; 2006.

(13) Walter G. The living brains. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; 1961.

(14) Singh S, Basu S. The Human Lacrimal Gland: Historical Perspectives, Current Understanding, and Recent Advances. Curr Eye Res. 2020 Oct;45(10):1188-98. DOI 10.1080/02713683.2020.1774065.

(15) Lutz T. Crying The natural and cultural history of tears. New York: Norton & Company Inc; 1999.

(16) Menin M. ‘Who Will Write the History of Tears?’ History of Ideas and History of Emotions from Eighteenth-Century France to the Present. Hist Eur Ideas. 2014;40(4):516-32. DOI 10.1080/01916599.2013.826430.

(17) Barr RG, James-Roberts IS, Keefe MR. New Evidence on Unexplained Early Infant Crying: Its Origins, Nature, and Management. EE. UU: Johnson & Johnson; 2001.

(18) Newman JD. Neural circuits underlying crying and cry responding in mammals. Behav Brain Res. 2007 Sep 4;182(2):155-65. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.02.011.

(19) Zeifman DM. An ethological analysis of human infant crying: answering Tinbergen’s four questions. Dev Psychobiol. 2001 Dec;39(4):265-85. DOI 10.1002/dev.1005.

(20) Frey II WH, Desota-Johnson D, Hoffman C, McCall JT. Effect of Stimulus on the Chemical Composition of Human Tears. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;92(4):559–67. DOI 10.1016/0002-9394(81)90651-6.

(21) Küster D. Social Effects of Tears and Small Pupils Are Mediated by Felt Sadness: An Evolutionary View. Evol Psychol. 2018 Jan-Mar;16(1):1474704918761104. DOI 10.1177/1474704918761104.

(22) Owings DH, Zeifman DM. Human infant crying as an animal communication system: insights from an assessment/management approach. En: Oller DR, Griebel U, editors. Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2004.

(23) Bylsma LM, Gračanin A, Vingerhoets AJJM. The neurobiology of human crying. Clin Auton Res. 2019 Feb;29(1):63-73. DOI 10.1007/s10286-018-0526-y.

(24) Burgdorf J, Panksepp J. Tickling induces reward in adolescent rats. Physiol Behav. 2001;72(1e2):167-73. DOI 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00411-X.

(25) Dunbar RI. The social role of touch in humans and primates: behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010 Feb;34(2):260-8. DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.001.

(26) Bellieni CV. Meaning and importance of weeping. New Ideas Psychol. 2017;47:72-6.

(27) Ioannou S, Morris P, Terry S, Baker M, Gallese V, Reddy V. Sympathy Crying: Insights from Infrared Thermal Imaging on a Female Sample. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 7;11(10):e0162749. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162749.

(28) Küster D. Social Effects of Tears and Small Pupils Are Mediated by Felt Sadness: An Evolutionary View. Evol Psychol. 2018 Jan-Mar;16(1):1474704918761104. DOI 10.1177/1474704918761104.

(29) Hasson O. Emotional tears as biological signals. Evol Psychol. 2009. DOI 10.1177/147470490900700302.

(30) Stadel M, Daniels JK, Warrens MJ, Jeronimus BF. The gender-specific impact of emotional tears. Motiv Emot. 2019;43:696-704. DOI 10.1007/s11031-019-09771-z.

(31) Balsters MJH, Krahmer EJ, Swerts MGJ, Vingerhoets AJJM. Emotional Tears Facilitate the Recognition of Sadness and the Perceived Need for Social Support. Evol Psychol. 2013. DOI 10.1177/147470491301100114.

(32) SciencieIQ.com [internet]. EE. UU: ScienceIQ.com; 2009. [Consultado 2020 jul 14]. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/kgNfKKX

(33) Simons G, Bruder M, van der Löwe I, Parkinson B. Why try (not) to cry: intra- and inter-personal motives for crying regulation. Front Psychol. 2013 Jan 14;3:597. DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00597.

(34) Cornelius RR, Nussbaum R, Warner L, Moeller C. The Social and Emotional Messages of Crying. 11th conference of the International Society for Research on Emotions, Quebec City. Canada: ISRE; 2004. p. 220-3.

(35) Mizokawa A. Young Children’s Understanding of the Interpersonal Functions of Apparent Crying. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2011;22(1):33-43.

(36) Denckla CA, Fiori KL, Vingerhoets AJ. Development of the Crying Proneness Scale: associations among crying proneness, empathy, attachment, and age. J Pers Assess. 2014;96(6):619-31. DOI 10.1080/00223891.2014.899498.

(37) Cornelius RR, Lubliner E. The what and why of others’ responses to our tears: Adult crying as an attachment behavior. In: Third International Conference on the (Non) Expression of Emotions in Health and Disease. Tilburg: Netherlands; 2003.

(38) Vingerhoets AJJM, Scheirs J. Sex differences in crying: Empirical findings and possible explanations. En: Fischer AH, editor. Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University; 2000. p. 143–65.

(39) Zeifman DM, Brown SA. Age-Related Changes in the Signal Value of Tears. Evol Psychol. 2011. DOI 10.1177/147470491100900304.

(40) Hendriks MC, Croon MA, Vingerhoets AJ. Social reactions to adult crying: the help-soliciting function of tears. J Soc Psychol. 2008 Feb;148(1):22-41. DOI 10.3200/SOCP.148.1.22-42.

(41) Hendriks MCP, Vingerhoets AJJM. Social messages of crying faces: Their influence on anticipated person perception, emotions and behavioural responses. Cong Emot. 2006; 20:878-86.

(42) Gandelman R. Psychobiology of behavioral development. New York: Oxford University; 1992.

(43) Gračanin A, Bylsma LM, Vingerhoets AJJM. Why Only Humans Shed Emotional Tears: Evolutionary and Cultural Perspectives. Hum Nat. 2018 Jun;29(2):104-133. DOI 10.1007/s12110-018-9312-8.

(44) West MJ, King AP, Freeberg TM. The nature and nurture of neo-phenotypes: A case history. En: Real LA. Behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1994. p. 238-57.

(45) Frodi A. When empathy fails: aversive infant crying and child abuse. In: Lester BM, Boukydis CFZ. Infant Crying: Theoretical and Research Perspectives. New York: Plenum Press; 1985. p. 263-77.

(46) ScienceDaily [internet]. EE. UU: ScienceDaily; 2007. [Consultado 2020 jul 14]. Disponible en: https://cutt.ly/IgNj0rl

Published

2021-01-20

How to Cite

1.
Palacios-Espinosa X, Sánchez-Martínez MC, Palacios-Sánchez L, Zuluaga-González JC. A brief history of tears and crying. Iatreia [Internet]. 2021 Jan. 20 [cited 2025 Feb. 2];34(3):266-74. Available from: https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/iatreia/article/view/343148

Issue

Section

History of Medicine

Most read articles by the same author(s)