El hierro en la alimentación complementaria del niño lactante: una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.penh.v23n1a07Palabras clave:
alimentación completaria, hierro, lactantes, lactancia materna, deficiencia de hierro, anemiaResumen
Antecedentes: la deficiencia de hierro y la anemia afectan a un porcentaje considerable de los lactantes, además ocasionan efectos deletéreos sobre su crecimiento y desarrollo. Objetivo: exponer los avances relacionados con la lactancia materna y la alimentación con fórmula frente al riesgo de deficiencia de hierro y las recomendaciones sobre edad de introducción de alimentos fuentes de hierro. Materiales y métodos: revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos de literatura médica, utilizando términos MeSH en inglés y descriptores en salud DeCS en español, relacionados con tipo de alimentación, presencia de anemia o deficiencia de hierro y crecimiento. Se tuvieron en cuenta artículos escritos en inglés y en español. Resultados: para tomar una decisión de si es adecuado iniciar la alimentación complementaria a los 4 o 6 meses y mantener el estado del hierro, se propone considerar factores como reservas de hierro, tipo de parto y desarrollo del bebé, entre otros. Al iniciar la alimentación complementaria, es importante la introducción de alimentos fuente de hierro hem. Conclusión: prácticas de alimentación adecuadas que incluyan la lactancia materna hasta los 2 años y la introducción de alimentos fuentes de hierro desde los 6 meses, probablemente, reducen la deficiencia de hierro y la anemia en menores de 2 años.
Descargas
Citas
Cerami C. Iron Nutriture of the Fetus, Neonate, Infant, and Child. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;71(Suppl 3):8-14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481447
Ziegler E, Nelson S, Jeter J. Iron Stores of Breastfed Infants during the First Year of Life. Nutrients. 2014;5(6):2023-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6052023
Olaya GA, Lawson M, Fewtrell M. Iron Status at Age 6 Months in Colombian Infants Exclusively Breast-fed for 4 to 5 Versus 6 Months. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017: 64(3):465-71. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001301
Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. Concentraciones de hemoglobina para diagnosticar la anemia y evaluar su gravedad. [Internet] 2000. [Citado febrero de 2019]; Ginebra. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglo
Organization World Health. Assessing the iron status of populations. [Internet] 2007. [Cited junio de 2019]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/9789241596107/en/
Santos da Silva, Livia L y otros. Factors associated with anemia in young children in Brazil. 25, PLoS ONE. 2018;13: 204-504.
Wong C. Iron deficiency anaemia. Paediatr Child Health. 2017;11(27):527-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2017.08.004
Özden TA, Gökçay G, Cantez MS, Durmaz Ö, İşsever H, Ömer B, Saner G. Copper, zinc and iron levels in infants and their mothers during the first year of life: a prospective study. BMC Pedriatrics. 2015;15(157):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0474-9
Parkin PC, DeGroot J, Maguire JL, Birken CS, Zlotkin S. Severe iron-deficiency anaemia and feeding practices in young children. 2016;19(4):716-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015001639
Burke R, Leon J y Suchdev S. Identification, Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency during the First 1000 Days. Nutrients. 2014;6(10):4093-114. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104093
Zuffo, CR, Osório K, Taconeli MM, y Schmidt CA, Teresinha y otros. Prevalence and risk factors of anemia in children. 4, J Pediatr. 2016;92(4):353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.02.008
Wang F, Liu H, Wan Y, Li J, Chen Y, Zheng J, et al. Prolonged Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration Is Positively Associated with Risk of Anemia in Infants Aged 12 Months. J Nutr. 2016;146(9):1707-13. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.232967
El-Farrash RA, Ismail EA, Nada AS. Cord blood iron profile and breast milk micronutrients in maternal iron deficiency anemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(2):233-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.23184
Zavaleta N, Astete-Robilliard L . Efecto de la anemia en el desarrollo infantil: consecuencias a largo plazo. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2017;4(34):716-22. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2017.344.3346
Prieto-Patron A, Van der Horst K, Hutton ZV, Detzel P. Association between Anaemia in Children 6 to 23 Months Old and Child, Mother, Household and Feeding Indicators. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):E1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091269
Reinbott A, Jordan I, Herrmann J, Kuchenbecker J, Kevanna O, Krawinkel MB. Role of Breastfeeding and Complementary Food on Hemoglobin and Ferritin Levels in a Cambodian Cross-Sectional Sample of Children Aged 3 to 24 Months. PLoSONE. 2016,11(3):e0150750. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150750
Lifschitz CH, Miqdady M, Indrio F, Haddad J, Tawfik E, AbdelHak A, et al. Practices of Introduction of Complementary Feeding and Iron Deficiency Prevention in the Middle East and North Africa. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(4):538-42. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002059
World Health Organization. The Global Prevalence of Anemia in 2011. [Internet] 2015. [Citado Junio de 2019]; Disponible en: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/global_prevalence_anaemia_2011/en/
Ministerio de la Protección Social; Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar; Instituto Nacional de Salud. Encuesta nacional de la situación nutricional en Colombia. Colombia 2010. 2011: 512 p.
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, Ministerio de Salud y la Protección Social, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Universidad Nacional. Encuesta nacional de la situación nutricional en Colombia 2015. Bogotá: ICBF; 2019. 678 p.
Dong C, Ge P, Zhang C, Ren X, Fan H, Zhang J, et al. Effects of different feeding practices at 0-6 months and living economic conditions on anemia prevalence of infants and young children. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2013;42(4):596-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024371/
Nuñez MA. Relación entre el tipo de alimentación y anemia en lactantes de 6 meses de edad. Tesis. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Biblioteca digital- Dirección de Sistemas de informática y Comunicación. Perú. 2017. [Citado junio de 2019]. Disponible en: http://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNITRU/9445/NunezMarinovich_M.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Clark KM, Li M, Zhu B, Liang F, Shao J, Zhang Y, et al. Breastfeeding, mixed, or formula feeding at 9 months of age and the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in two cohorts of infants in China. J Pediatr. 2016;181:56-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.041
Dube K, Schwartz J, Mueller MJ, et al. Complementary food with low (8%) or high (12%) meat content as source of dietary iron: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2010;49:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-009-0043-9
Hong J, Chang JY, Shin S, Oh S.J. Breastfeeding and Red Meat Intake Are Associated with Iron Status in Healthy Korean Weaningage Infants. J Korean Med Sci. 2017; 32: 974-984. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.6.974
Libuda L, Hilbig A, Berber-Al-Tawil S, Kalhoff H, Kersting M. Association between full breastfeeding, timing of complementary food introduction, and iron status in infancy in Germany: results of a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Eur J Nutr. 2018; 57(2):523-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1335-5
Uyoga MA, Karanja S, Paganini D Cercamondi CI, Zimmermann SA, Ngugi B et al. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding is a positive predictor of iron status in 6- to 10-month-old infants in rural Kenya. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(4):e12386. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12386
Jonsdottir OF, Thorsdottir I, Hibberd PL, Fewtrell MS, Wells JC, Palsson GI et al. Timing of the Introduction of Complementary Foods in Infancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):1038-45. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3838
Nakamori M, Ninh NX, Isomura H, Yoshiike N, Hien VTT, Nhug BT, et al. Nutritional Status of Lactating Mothers and Their Breast Milk. Concentration of Iron, Zinc and Copper in Rural Vietnam. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2009;55(4):338-45. Disponible en: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv/55/4/55_4_338/_pdf/-char/en
Thaweekul P, Surapolchai P, Sinlapamongkolkul P. Infant feeding practices in relation to iron status and other possible nutritional deficiencies in Pathumthani, Thailand. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2019;28(3):577-83. Disponible en: http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/28/3/577.pdf
Oliveira MAA, Osório MM. Cows milk consumption and iron deficiency anemia in children. J Pediatr. 2005; 81(5). https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1386
Thorisdottir AV, Ramel A, Palsson GI, Tomassson H, Thorsdottir I. Iron status of one-year-olds and association with breast milk, cow’s milk or formula in late infancy. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(6):1661-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454
Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, Embleton N, Fidler N, et al. Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(1):119-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454
Daniels L, Heath ALM, Williams SM, Cameron SL, Fleming EA, Taylor BJ, et al. Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study: a randomised controlled trial of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding. BMC Pediatrics. 2015;15:179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0491-8
Cuadros-Mendoza CA, Vichido-Luna MA, Montijo-Barrios E, Zárate-Mondragón F, Cadena-León JF, Cervantes-Bustamante R, et al. Actualidades en alimentación complementaria. Acta Pediatr Mex. 2017;38(3):182-201. https://doi.org/10.18233/APM38No3pp182-2011390
Alvisi P, Brusa S , S Alboresi S , Amarri S , Bottau P , Cavagni G , et al. Recommendations on complementary feeding for healthy, full-term infants. Italian J Pediatr. 2015;41(36):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-015-0143-5
Hernell, Fewtrell MS, Georgieff MK et. Summary of current recommendations on iron provision and monitoring of iron status for breastfed and formula-fed infants in resource-rich and resource-constrained countries. J Pediatr. 2015;167(4):S40-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.020
Rawat R, Saha KK, Kennedy A, Rohner F, Ruel M, Menon P. Anaemia in infancy in rural Bangladesh: contribution of iron deficiency, infections and poor feeding practices. Br J Nutr. 2013;111(1):172-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513001852
Perdomo-Giraldi M, Durán FM. Alimentación complementaria en el lactante. Pediatr Integral. 2015;19(4):260-67. Disponible en: https://www.pediatriaintegral.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/xix04/04/n4-260-267_Mayra%20Perdomo.pdf
Oliveira AM, Gaudenzia E, Gomes G, Ri Ribeiroa RC, Szarfarcb S, de Souza S. Hemoglobin concentration, breastfeeding and complementary feeding in the first year of life Rev Saúde Pública 2004;38(4):1-9. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v38n4/en_21084.pdf
ICBF, FAO. Guías alimentarias basadas en alimentos para mujeres gestantes, madres en período de lactancia y niños y niñas menores de dos años de Colombia. Bogotá 2018.
Hambidge M, Sheng X, Mazariegos M, Jiang T, Garces A, Li D, et al. Evaluation of meat as a first complementary food for breastfed infants: impact on iron intake. Nutr Rev. 2011;69(Suppl.1):S57-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00434.x
Tang M, Sheng XY, Krebs N, Hambidge M. Meat as complementary food for older breastfed infants and toddlers: A randomized, controlled trial in rural China. Food Nutr Bull. 2014;35(4):S188-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265140354S304
Qasem W, Fenton T, Friel J. Age of introduction of first complementary feeding for infants: a systematic review. BMC Pediatrics. 2015;15:107:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0409-5
Kleinman RE. Expert Recommendations on Iron Fortification in Infants. J Pediatr. 2015;167(4):S48-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.021
Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Jeter JM. Iron stores of breastfed infants during the first year of life. Nutrients 2014;6(5):2023-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6052023
Lozoff B, Castillo M, Clark KM, Smith JB. Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula: developmental outcome at 10 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166(3):208-15. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.197
Suthutvoravut U, Abiodun PO, Chomtho S, Chongviriyaphan N, Cruchet S, Davies PSW, et al. Composition of Follow-Up Formula for Young Children Aged 12–36 Months: Recommendations of an International Expert Group Coordinated by the Nutrition Association of Thailand and the Early Nutrition Academy. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;67(2):119-32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000438495
Eussen S, Pean J, Olivier L, Delaere F, Lluch A. Theoretical Impact of Replacing Whole Cow’s Milk by Young-Child Formula on Nutrient Intakes of UK Young Children: Results of a Simulation Study. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;67(4):247-56. https://doi.org/10.1159/000440682
Macias S, Rodríguez S, Ronayne de Ferrer P. Patrón de alimentación e incorporación de alimentos complementarios en lactantes de una población de bajos recursos. Rev Chil Nutr. 2013;40(3):235-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182013000300004
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Universidad de Antioquia
