Estimación de la vida útil de almacenamiento de carne de res y de cerdo con diferente contenido graso
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.16668Keywords:
Carne, microbiología, vida útil, fisicoquímicos, sensorialAbstract
Antecedentes: La estimación acertada de la vida útil del material cárnico es de gran relevancia para que las empresas definan su logística de abastecimiento. Conocer el efecto de la temperatura, la composición y el tiempo de almacenamiento sobre sus características fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales, permiten optimizar la gestión del almacenamiento y por lo tanto reducir pérdidas durante las etapas de suministro industrial. Objetivos: En el presente estudio se evaluó la vida útil de material cárnico de cerdo y res, en función de la temperatura, el tiempo de almacenamiento y su contenido graso. Métodos: Se desarrollaron modelos de superficie de respuesta para describir los efectos controlados de la temperatura y el tiempo de almacenamiento, sobre variables microbiológicas, fisicoquímicas y sensoriales, de carne deshuesada de res y cerdo con diferente contenido de grasa; el tiempo post-sacrificio fue evaluado como una covariable. Muestras con bajo contenido de grasa (entre 0 y 10%) y alto contenido de grasa (entre 20 y 30%), fueron empacadas en condiciones aeróbicas y almacenadas a temperaturas de -4, -2, 0, 4 y 8°C, entre 6 y 50 días, según la temperatura. Durante el tiempo de almacenamiento, se realizaron mediciones de variables fisicoquímicas (pH, croma C*ab, tono hab, malondialdehído (MDA)), microbiológicas (recuento de microorganismos mesófilos aerobios totales y enterobacterias) y sensoriales (olor y apariencia general). Resultados: El tiempo y la temperatura de almacenamiento fueron los factores más significantes, seguidos del contenido de grasa y el tiempo post sacrificio. Las variables microbiológicas y sensoriales presentaron los cambios más significativos y se usaron para estimar la vida útil de las muestras evaluadas. A altas temperaturas de almacenamiento (8 y 4°C), no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la estabilidad de la carne de res y cerdo, sin embargo, a bajas temperaturas (0, -2 y -4°C) la carne de cerdo fue mucho más estable que la de res. Conclusiones: Los abusos de temperatura (por encima de 4°C) disminuyen considerablemente la vida útil de la carne deshuesada; a bajas temperaturas de refrigeración (entre 0 y -4°C) es posible alcanzar tiempos de vida útil mayores, incluso superiores a 50 días de almacenamiento.
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