Concentration of Iodine in the Consumption Salt of Paraguayan Households from 2015 to 2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.penh.v25n2a03Keywords:
Flour, iron, water-soluble vitamins, nutrition policy, ParaguayAbstract
Background: Universal salt iodization is the safest and most cost-effective strategy for the control of iodine deficiency disorders. Objective: To determine the availability of adequately iodized salt in homes in Paraguay in the period 2015–2019. Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study; probabilistic cluster sampling design, multistage, and stratified. The values considered adequate were 20–40 mg/kg. Results: The median iodine of the 21,408 samples was 25 mg/kg (25th and 75th percentiles with values of 19 and 31 mg/kg, respectively). Sixty-seven percent of the samples presented adequate iodination. Samples with adequate levels increased significantly in 2019 compared to 2015 (76% vs 58%, p<0.001). In 2019, more than 90% of homes had iodine concentrations ≥ 15mg/kg, an indicator towards the sustainability of the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders. In Latin America, households with iodized salt ≥ 15 ppm increased from 84.7% to 90.6%, from 1995-2004 to the period 2005-2013. Conclusions: Progress is visible in the adequacy of iodized salt at a national and global level, and in sustainability towards the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders. It is key to continue surveillance.
Downloads
References
Acosta J, Sánchez Bernal S, Masi C, Morínigo G, Galeano M, Coronel J, et al. Perfil de consumo de yodo en escolares y adolescentes del Paraguay y disponibilidad de sal adecuadamente yodada en sus hogares. 2016. En Memorias 54.º Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición (SLAN). Encarnación. Disponible en: https://drive.google.com/file/d/179RDMllrh-aTeXEpejWZi5WblgJpRsNs/view
Alba-Tamarit E, Vallada-Regalado E, Clérigues-Bonet V, Olaso-González G, Moreno-Gálvez Á, Gandía-Balaguer A. Beneficios del uso de sal yodada en niños de edad escolar. Rev esp nutr comunitaria [Internet]. 2017;23(2):0-0. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/ibc-165922
AOAC. Official methods of Analysis of AOAC [Internet]. AOAC International. 1995. Disponible en: archive.org/stream/gov.law.aoac.methods.1.1990/methods.1.1990djvu.txt
Biban B, Lichiardopol C. Iodine Deficiency, Still a Global Problem? Curr Heal Sci J. 2017;43(2):103-111. https://doi.org/10.12865/CHSJ.43.02.01
Chávarro-Bermeo F, Arteaga-Díaz J, Roth-Deubel A. Política mundial de yodación de sal: desafíos. Rev Salud Pública. 2021;23(6):1-7. https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.V23n6.98302
Galván M, Fernández-Cortés, TL Suárez-Diéguez T, López-Rodríguez G. Estado nutricional de yodo en niños escolares mexicanos de zonas urbanas y rurales. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr [Internet]. 2020;67(4):228-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2019.09.003
Jara Y JA, Pretell EA, Zaracho J, Goetting S, Riveros C. Prevalencia de bocio endémico por el método ecográfico, determinación de yodurias y yodo en sal en escolares del Paraguay. Rev chil nutr. 2004;31(3):287-95. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182004000300004
Ledesma-Solís EM, Sánchez-Bernal S, Masi C. Availability of adequately iodized salt in paraguayan households during 2011- 2015. En: Memorias 21st International Congress of Nutrition. Buenos Aires; 2017. Disponible en: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hY7wbNYe6vFwp8pZTvGK9Um2waZrqYaA/view
Leung A, Braverman L. Consequences of excess iodine. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10:136-142. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.251
López R, Galván M, Silva M, Chávez D. Factores asociados al estado nutricional de yodo en preescolares del estado de Hidalgo, México. Gac Med Mex [Internet]. 2009;149(2):161–7. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=41577
MSPBS. Resolución 599/2014 “Por la cual se aprueba el reglamento técnico para sal yodada y no yodada, los requisitos y las condiciones para su importación, elaboración, fraccionamiento y comercialización; se establecen disposiciones generales para el monitoreo, control, y vigilancia, y se aprueban los anexos” [Internet]. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. 2014. Disponible en: https://www.leyes.com.py/buscar/?td=10&c=24&p=1&a=2014
MSPBS. Resolución SG N.º 163, por la cual se actualiza la resolución S. G. N.o 44 de fecha 31 de marzo de 2008. 2099.
Podoba J, Racova K, Urbankova H, Srbecky M. Current status of iodine deficiency-related disorders prophylaxis in Slovakia - the life’s work of Julian Podoba remained unfinished. Endocr Regul. 2016;50(1):3-9. https://doi.org/10.1515/enr-2016-0002
Sánchez S, Masi C, Rojas G, Galeano M, Mendoza L. Estimación de la ingesta de sal a partir de la excreción urinaria de sodio en escolares y adolescentes de 6 a 19 años de edad en el Paraguay. 2015. En: Memorias 7.º Congreso Regional de Pediatría. Pedro Juan Caballero. Disponible en: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-drq0XDSrUCYbJgGpoEndirttsWQuryS/view
Tarqui-Mamani C, Alvarez-Dongo, D Fernández-Tinco I. Yoduria y concentración de yodo en sal de consumo en esco¬lares peruanos del nivel primario. Rev Perú Med Exp Salud Pública. 2016;33(4):689-94. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2016.334.2552
Tran T, Hetzel B, Fisher J. Access to iodized salt in 11 low- and lower-middle-income countries: 2000 and 2010. Bull World Heal Organ. 2016;94(2):122-9. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.160036
Vargas-Uricoechea H, Murillo-Palacios J, Ramírez-Bejarano L. Análisis del estado poblacional del yodo en Colombia y la necesidad de modificar los niveles de yodación universal de la sal. Rev Colomb Endocrinol Diabet Metab (Online) [Internet]. 2020;20(2):87-98. Disponible en: https://revistaendocrino.org/index.php/rcedm/article/download/608/795?inline=1
Velasco I, Bath S, Rayman M. Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):290. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030290
Wang B, He W, Li Q, Jia X, Yao Q, Song R, et al. U-shaped relationship between iodine status and thyroid autoimmunity risk in adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;181(3):255-66. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-19-0212
WHO. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2007. p. 99. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241595827
WHO. Carencia de yodo [Internet]. World Health Organization. 1998, pp. 1-4. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB103/se27.pdf
WHO. Effect and safety of salt iodization to prevent iodine deficiency disorders: A systematic review with meta-analyses [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2014. p. 151. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241508285
WHO. Progress towards the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders ( IDD) [Internet]. World Health Organization. 1999, pp. 1-54. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NHD-99.4
Yadav K, Pandav C. National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme: Current status & future strategy. Indian J Med Res. 2018;148(5):503-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1717_18
Zimmermann M, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(4):286-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6
Zimmermann M. Symposium on ‘Geographical and geological influences on nutrition’ Iodine deficiency in industrialised countries. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69(1):133-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665109991819
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Universidad de Antioquia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Derechos de autor 2024 Universidad de Antioquia
