De nutrientes a patrones alimentarios: cambio de paradigma en el abordaje nutricional de las enfermedades cardiovasculares
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.penh.v22n1a08Palabras clave:
enfermedad cardiovascular, nutrientes, alimentos, ultraprocesados, dieta, patrones alimentariosResumen
Antecedentes: en la actualidad, existen controversias sobre las recomendaciones nutricionales en las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: se propuso analizar, en una línea temporal, la transición histórica y los cambios de paradigmas en el estudio de la alimentación y de la enfermedad cardiovascular a fin de avanzar en el campo de la epidemiología nutricional, contemplando el patrón alimentario y del estilo de vida. Reflexión: históricamente, los estudios que investigaron la asociación entre alimentación y riesgo cardiovascular se centraron en calorías o nutrientes como factores aislados; sin embargo, esto ha sido problemático para el abordaje del fenómeno multidimensional de las enfermedades crónicas. En los últimos años, se ha propuesto el análisis de los patrones alimentarios y el grado de procesamiento de alimentos, que incluye la combinación global de alimentos y el efecto sinérgico de ciertos nutrientes. Conclusión: la epidemiología nutricional evidenció que el enfoque en calorías y nutrientes no es suficiente en el análisis de las enfermedades crónicas, y que las enfermedades cardiovasculares —fenómeno multicausal y complejo— están influenciadas por los efectos sinérgicos de alimentos y nutrientes, la calidad de los alimentos consumidos, el grado de procesamiento industrial, los entornos alimentarios y los patrones dietarios en general.
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