El benzo(a)pireno en los alimentos y su relación con el cáncer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.penh.17909Palabras clave:
benzo[a]pireno, cáncer, alimentos, xenobióticos, carcinogénicos, genotóxicos, mutagénicos, hidrocarburo aromático policíclicoResumen
Antecedentes: el benzo(a)pireno es un hidrocarburo aromático policíclico con efectos adversos para la salud, una de las fuentes es la ingestión de alimentos, formados durante procesamiento industrial o en el hogar. Objetivo: indagar sobre la formación de benzo(a)pireno en los alimentos, su activación biológica, relación con el cáncer, contenido en los alimentos y la normativa que regula la cantidad en alimentos para humanos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos publicados en las bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: el benzo(a)pireno ingerido con los alimentos se absorbe por el intestino, se metaboliza predominantemente en el hígado, allí se activa y puede inducir cáncer de diversa localización, como esófago, estómago, intestino, piel, vejiga, pulmón e hígado, evidenciado en estudios experimentales en animales. El benzo(a)pireno atraviesa la placenta y es potencialmente tóxico para el feto. Las cantidades en algunos alimentos exceden las máximas permitidas por la Comisión Europea entidadque periódicamente actualiza las normas sobre el tema. En Colombia no se encontró reglamentación. Conclusión: el benzo(a)pireno procedente de alimentos genera compuestos capaces de desarrollar cáncer principalmente del tracto gastrointestinal. La Comisión Europea actualiza periódicamente la normativa que regula el contenido de benzo(a)pireno en alimentos, Colombia carece de normas sobre el tema.
Descargas
Citas
Jakszyn P, González CA. Nitrosamine and related food intake and gastric and oesophageal cancer risk: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:4296-303.
Xue W, Warshawsky D. Metabolic activation of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage: a review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;206:73-93.
Pott P. Cancer scroti. In: Pott P, ed. Chirurgical observations. London: Hawes, Clarke, Collins; 1775. p.179-80.
Agudo A. Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP). Acercamiento a su problemática como riesgo laboral. Madrid: Secretaría de Salud Laboral y Medio Ambiente MCA-UGT Federación de Industria 2010. Pág. 130. [citado abril de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.ugt.es/saludlaboral/Hidrocarburos.pdf.
Ryser HJ. Chemical carcinogenesis. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:721-34.
Henry SA, Kennaway NM, Kennaway EL. The incidence of cancer of the bladder and prostate in certain occupations. J Hyg. 1931;31:125-37.
De la Cruz ER, Huaman JO. Formación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos y del 3,4 benzopireno en aceites comestibles alterados por recalentamiento. Tesis para optar por el título de Químico Farmacéutico. Lima: Universidad Nacional de San Marcos; 2002.
Kazerouni N, Sinha R, Hsu CH, Greenberg A, Rothman N. Analysis of 200 food items for benzo[a]pyrene and estimation of its intake in an epidemiologic study. Food Chem Toxicol. 200;39:423-36.
Essumang DK, Dodoo DK, Adjei JK. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in smoke-cured fish products. Ghana J Food Comp Anal. 2012;27. :128 -38.
FAO/WHO. Evaluation of certain food contaminants, sixty-seventh report of the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. Geneva; 2006. WHO Technical report series, N° 930.
Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. (Question N° EFSA-Q-2007-136) adopted on 9 June 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. EFSA J. 2008;724:2-114.
Codex Alimentario. Código de prácticas para reducir la contaminación por hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) en los alimentos producidos por procedimientos de ahumado y secado directo: CAC/RCP 68-2009. Roma: FAO; 2009.
Lichtfouse E, Apitz S, Nanny M. Ancient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in modern soils: 13C, 14C and biomark er evidence. Org Geochem. 1999;26:353-9.
Vasiluk L, Pinto LJ, Tsang WS, Gobas FA, Eickhoff C, Moore MM. The uptake and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene from a sample food substrate in an in vitro model of digestion. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46:610-8.
Henkjan J, Verkade HJ, Tso P. Biophysics of intestinal luminal lipids. In: Mansbach CM. Intestinal lipid metabolism. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2001. p. 1-19.
WHO, IARC. Monographs on the evaluation the carcinogenic risks to humans: some non-heterocyclic polycuclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. Lyon; 2010. Vol. 92.
Buesen R, Mock M, Nau H, Seidel A, Jacob J, Lampen A. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells display active transport of benzo[a] pyrene metabolites. Chem Biol Interact. 2003;142:201-21.
Cavret S, Feidt C. Intestinal metabolism of PAH: in vitro demonstration and study of its impact on PAH transfer through the intestinal epithelium. Environ Res. 2005;98:22-32.
Boulenc X, Bourrie M, Fabre I, Roque C, Joyeux H, Berger Y, et al. Regulation of cytochrome P450IA1 gene expression in a human intestinal cell line, Caco-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;263:1471-8.
Kaarthik J. Modulation of gene expression and DNA adduct formation by chlorophyllin in human mammary cells exposed to benzopyrenes. West Virginia: Department of Plant and Soil Science Morgantown; 2006.
Slayne MA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil. Int Rev Food Sci Technol. 2003;141:136-7.
Quiñones L, Lee K, Varela N, Escala M, García K, Godoy L, et al. Farmacogenética del cáncer: Estudio de variaciones genéticamente determinadas en la susceptibilidad a cáncer por exposición a xenobióticos. Rev Med Chile. 2006;134:499-515.
Ruan Q, Gelhaus SL, Penning TM, Harvey RG, Blair IA. Aldo-keto reductase- and cytochrome P450-dependent formation of benzo[a]pyrene-derived DNA adducts in human bronchoalveolar cells. Chem Res Toxicol. 2007;20:424-31.
Wei Y, Lin Y, Zhang AQ, Guo LH, Cao J. Evaluation of the noncovalent binding interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and human p53 cDNA. Sci Total Environ. 2010;408:6285-90.
Tarantini A, Maitre A, Lefebvre E, Marques M, Rajhi A, Douki T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in binary mixtures modulate the efficiency of benzo[a]pyrene to form DNA adducts in human cells. Toxicology. 2011;279:36-44.
Gao M, Li Y, Sun Y, Long J, Kong Y, Yang S, et al. A common carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene causes p53 overexpression in mouse cervix via DNA damage. Mutat Res. 2011;724:69-75.
Mastrangelo G, Fadda E, Marzia V. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer in man. Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Nov;104:1166-70.
Osborne MR, Crosby NT. Benzopyrenes: Cambridge monographs on cancer research. Boston: Cambridge University Press;1987. p. 352.
Denissenko MF, Pao A, Tang M, Pfeifer GP. Preferential formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in P53. Science. 1996;274:430-2.
Shemer H, Linden KG. DNA methylation analysis using CpG microarrays is impaired inbenzopyrene exposed cells. Water Res. 2007;41:853-61.
Helleberg H, Tornqvist M. A new approach for measuring protein adducts from benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide by high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2000;14:1644-53.
Padros J, Pelletier E. In vivo formation of (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide-plasma albumin adducts in fish. . Mar Environ Res. 2000;50:347-51.
Sugihara N, James MO. Binding of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to bovine hemoglobin and albumin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17:239-47.
Behrend L, Henderson G, Zwacka RM. Reactive oxygen species in oncogenic transformation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2003;31(Pt 6):1441-4.
Gower JD, Wills ED. The oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol mediated by lipid peroxidation in the rat intestine and the effect of dietary lipids. Chem Biol Interact. 1987;63:63-74.
Ruan Q, Kim HY, Jiang H, Penning TM, Harvey RG, Blair IA. Quantification of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide DNA-adducts by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2006;20:1369-80.
Neal MS, Zhu J, Holloway AC, Foster WG. Follicle growth is inhibited by benzo-[a]-pyrene, at concentrations representative of human exposure, in an isolated rat follicle culture assay. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:961-7.
Ramesh A, Inyang F, Lunstra DD, Niaz MS, Kopsombut P, Jones KM, et al. Alteration of fertility endpoints in adult male F-344 rats by subchronic exposure to inhaled benzo(a)pyrene. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2008;60:269-80.
Jurisicova A, Taniuchi A, Li H, Shang Y, Antenos M, Detmar J, et al. Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons diminishes murine ovarian reserve via induction of Harakiri. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:3971-8.
Tsai-Turton M, Nakamura BN, Luderer U. Induction of apoptosis by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene in cultured preovulatory rat follicles is preceded by a rise in reactive oxygen species and is prevented by glutathione. Biol Reprod. 2007;77:442-51.
Smith TL, Merry ST, Harris DL, Joe Ford J, Ike J, Archibong AE, et al. Species-specific testicular and hepatic microsomal metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, an ubiquitous toxicant and endocrine disruptor. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007;21:753-8.
Harris DL, Huderson AC, Niaz MS, Ford JJ, Archibong AE, Ramesh A. Comparative metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by ovarian microsomes of various species. Environ Toxicol. 2009;24:603-9.
Wester PW, Muller JJ, Slob W, Mohn GR, Dortant PM, Kroese ED. Carcinogenic activity of benzo[a]pyrene in a 2 year oral study in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;50:927-35.
Shimada T. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes involved in activation and detoxification of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2006;21:257-76.
Simko P. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products and smoke flavouring food additives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002;770:3-18.
Miranda CL, Chung WG, Wang-Buhler JL, Musafia-Jeknic T, Baird WM, Buhler DR. Comparative in vitro metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by recombinant zebrafish CYP1A and liver microsomes from beta-naphthoflavone-treated rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol. 2006;80:101-8.
Lijinsky W. The formation and occurrence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons associated with food. Mutat Res. 1991;259:251-61.
Jiang H, Gelhaus SL, Mangal D, Harvey RG, Blair IA, Penning TM. Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in human bronchoalveolar H358 cells using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 2007;20:1331-41.
Sang H, Zhang L, Li J. Anti-benzopyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide induces apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in human bronchiolar epithelium cells independent of the mitochondria permeability transition pore. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:2417-23.
Compagnone D, Curini R, D’Ascenzo G, Del Carlo M, Montesano C, Napoletano S, et al. Neutral loss and precursor ion scan tandem mass spectrometry for study of activated benzopyrene-DNA adducts. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401:1983-91.
Culp SJ, Gaylor DW, Sheldon WG, Goldstein LS, Beland FA. A comparison of the tumors induced by coal tar and benzo[a] pyrene in a 2-year bioassay. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19:117-24.
Tso P. Intestinal lipid absorption. In: Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 867-1907.
Ozaki T, Nakagawara A. p53: the attractive tumor suppressor in the cancer research field. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2011:ID603925. doi: 10.1155/2011/603925.
Matikainen T, Perez GI, Jurisicova A, Pru JK, Schlezinger JJ, Ryu HY, et al. Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor-driven Bax gene expression is required for premature ovarian failure caused by biohazardous environmental chemicals. Nat Genet. 2001;28:355-60.
Perera F, Vishnevetsky J, Herbstman JB, Calafat AM, Xiong W, Rauh V, et al. Prenatal bisphenol a exposure and child behavior in an inner-city cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1190-4.
Perera F, Tang D, Whyatt R, Lederman SA, Jedrychowski W. DNA damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured by benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in mothers and newborns from Northern Manhattan, the World Trade Center Area, Poland, and China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:709-14.
Herbstman JB, Tang D, Zhu D, Qu L, Sjodin A, Li Z, et al. Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[a] pyrene-DNA adducts, and genomic DNA methylation in cord blood. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:733-8.
Djinovic J, Popovic A, Jira W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different types of smoked meat products from Serbia. Meat Sci. 2008;80:449-56.
Wretling S, Eriksson A, Eskhult GA, Larsson B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Swedish smoked meat and fish. J Food Compos Analysis. 2010;23:264-72.
Comisión Europea. Regulación Nº 1881/2010 por la cual se fija el contenido máximo de determinados contaminantes en los productos alimenticios. [citado febrero de 2013]. Disponible en: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/food_safety/contamination_environmental_factors/l21290_es.htm.
Cavret S, Feidt C, Le Roux Y, Laurent F. Study of mammary epithelial role in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons transfer to milk. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88:67-70.
Comisión Europea. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on the risks to human health of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Brussels; 2002.
Comisión Europea. Reglamento (UE) N° 835/2011. Modifica el Reglamento (CE) no 1881/2006 por lo que respecta al contenido máximo de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en los productos alimenticios. Brussels; 2011 [citado febrero de 2013]. Disponible en: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/food_safety/contamination_environmental_factors/l21290_es.htm.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Universidad de Antioquia
